Exam 4 Flashcards
symptoms of hyperthyroidism
weight loss
increased metabolic rate
hyperactivity
glucocorticoids
cortisol and corticosterone
two types of cells in parathyroid gland
chief and oxyphil
gonadotropins
anterior pituitary
FSH and LH
A lack of corticosteroids can lead to…
death
hypothalamus does what three functions
regulate posterior pituitary action
stimulate adrenal medulla
produce regulatory molecules
(nor)epinephrine is released through the (___) cells
chromaffin
glucocorticoids are synthesized in the…
zona fasciculate
Layers of the uterus
Endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
Vaginal layers
mucosa
muscularis
adventitia
Path of ejaculate
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
Sperm cells are __loid while spermatogonia are __loid
haploid
diploid
Neck of the urinary bladder
internal urethral sphincter
uterine blood flow
internal iliac artery
uterine artery
arteries in lining of uterus
corpus luteum produces which hormones?
estrogen, progesterone, LH
Ovarian cycle
follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase
breast milk travels through…
alveoli
lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinuses
Micturition
- stretch receptors activated
- parasympathetic impulses travel to internal urethral sphincter and the detrusor muscle contracts
- both contract
conscious desire to urinate relaxes the external urethral sphincter
-ab contraction aids expulsion
detrusor relaxes and micturition reflex neurons are inactivated
the pharynx
naso
oro
laryngo
the palates
hard palate (maxillae and palatine bones) soft palate (skeletal muscle surrounded by epithelium)
greater omentum
off of greater curvature and down to transverse colon
names mesentary
lesser omentum
up to liver
GI layers
lumen (inner tube) mucosa subsmucoa muscularis adventitia / serosa (outer layer of serous membrane)
most intestinal absorption happens in the
jejunum
Bile path
liver to cystic duct to gall bladder
Hepatic portal system
1) Small intestine absorbs products of digestion
2) Nutrient molecules travel in hepatic portal vein to liver
3) Liver monitors blood content (liver has first dibs on glucose)
4) Blood enters general circulation by way of hepatic vein
Endocrine v exocrine glands
endocrine glands have no ducts and secrete directly to the blood stream
primarily function on negative feedback loops
Hypothalamus
oversees endocrine, boss of autonomic nervous, control center for a few others
Pituitary
Just under hypothalamus, connected by infundibulum (hormone transport)
TSH
anterior
increase gland activity
prolactin
anterior
regulate mammary gland growth and mature sex cells in testes
ACTH
anterior
work on outside of adrenal cortex
Posterior pituitary
only stores, never produces
Adrenal cortex
aldosterone
cortisol (stress)
androgens
Adrenal medulla
(nor)epinephrine
Pancreas
insulin and glucagon
Kidney blood flow
Renal artery Interlobar art Arcuate art Interlobular art Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries (associated with convoluted tubules OR Vasa recta (associated with nephron loop) BOTH go to Interlobular vein Arcuate vein Interlobar vein Renal vein
How many neprhons?
2.5 million
By the time a woman is born, she will have…
all the primordial follicles she will ever need. These will stay until puberty
When a girl hits puberty
primordial follicles will develop into primary starting the ovarian cycle.
uterine cycle
menstruation
proliferative phase
secretory phase
Embryonic stage
Oogonium becomes primary oocyte (all developed before birth, start prophase 1 then stop until after puberty)
Some primary oocytes develop into secondary
Stop at metaphase II unless fertilized
Zygote undergoes cleavage until it reaches
morula
Week 4
embryonic stage
Primitive streak forms on 2 layer disk.
Gastrulation happens, cells move down streak forming a third layer (gastrulation)
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm (late third week) now in embryonic stage
Folding starts about now (cephalocaudal folding [head and tail] transverse [incorporate endoderm into middle of structure making a hollow tube for guts])
Fetal period
9-12
Reproductive organs start to develop
13-16
body growth
17-20
muscle movement
21-38
Sexual development of the embryo weeks 5-6
5-6: still indifferent
- Genital tubercle
- Urogenital fold
- Labioscrotal swelling
Sexual development of the embryo weeks 10-12
10-12: differentiation occurs
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus
Testes, epididymis, and vas deferens
both get urogenital sinus
Sexual development of the embryo weeks 12-20
Female:
- Genital tubercle - clitoris
- Urogenital fold – labia minora
- Labioscrotal swelling – labia majora
Male:
- Genital tubercle – glans
- Urogenital fold – body
- Labioscrotal swelling - scrotum
full differentiation by 20 weeks
