Exam 4

Question 1

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 1

weight loss
increased metabolic rate
hyperactivity

Question 2

glucocorticoids

Answer 2

cortisol and corticosterone

Question 3

two types of cells in parathyroid gland

Answer 3

chief and oxyphil

Question 4

gonadotropins

Answer 4

anterior pituitary

FSH and LH

Question 5

A lack of corticosteroids can lead to…

Answer 5

death

Question 6

hypothalamus does what three functions

Answer 6

regulate posterior pituitary action
stimulate adrenal medulla
produce regulatory molecules

Question 7

(nor)epinephrine is released through the (___) cells

Answer 7

chromaffin

Question 8

glucocorticoids are synthesized in the…

Answer 8

zona fasciculate

Question 9

Layers of the uterus

Answer 9

Endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

Question 10

Vaginal layers

Answer 10

mucosa
muscularis
adventitia

Question 11

Path of ejaculate

Answer 11

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra

Question 12

Sperm cells are __loid while spermatogonia are __loid

Answer 12

haploid

diploid

Question 13

Neck of the urinary bladder

Answer 13

internal urethral sphincter

Question 14

uterine blood flow

Answer 14

internal iliac artery
uterine artery
arteries in lining of uterus

Question 15

corpus luteum produces which hormones?

Answer 15

estrogen, progesterone, LH

Question 16

Ovarian cycle

Answer 16

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase

Question 17

breast milk travels through…

Answer 17

alveoli
lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinuses

Question 18

Micturition

Answer 18

• stretch receptors activated
• parasympathetic impulses travel to internal urethral sphincter and the detrusor muscle contracts
• both contract
  conscious desire to urinate relaxes the external urethral sphincter
  -ab contraction aids expulsion
  detrusor relaxes and micturition reflex neurons are inactivated

Question 19

the pharynx

Answer 19

naso
oro
laryngo

Question 20

the palates

Answer 20

hard palate (maxillae and palatine bones)
soft palate (skeletal muscle surrounded by epithelium)

Question 21

greater omentum

Answer 21

off of greater curvature and down to transverse colon

names mesentary

Question 22

lesser omentum

Answer 22

up to liver

Question 23

GI layers

Answer 23

lumen (inner tube) 
mucosa
subsmucoa
muscularis
adventitia / serosa (outer layer of serous membrane)

Question 24

most intestinal absorption happens in the

Answer 24

jejunum

Question 25

Bile path

Answer 25

liver to cystic duct to gall bladder

Question 26

Hepatic portal system

Answer 26

1) Small intestine absorbs products of digestion 2) Nutrient molecules travel in hepatic portal vein to liver 3) Liver monitors blood content (liver has first dibs on glucose) 4) Blood enters general circulation by way of hepatic vein

Question 27

Endocrine v exocrine glands

Answer 27

endocrine glands have no ducts and secrete directly to the blood stream primarily function on negative feedback loops

Question 28

Hypothalamus

Answer 28

oversees endocrine, boss of autonomic nervous, control center for a few others

Question 29

Pituitary

Answer 29

Just under hypothalamus, connected by infundibulum (hormone transport)

Question 30

TSH

Answer 30

anterior | increase gland activity

Question 31

prolactin

Answer 31

anterior | regulate mammary gland growth and mature sex cells in testes

Question 32

ACTH

Answer 32

anterior | work on outside of adrenal cortex

Question 33

Posterior pituitary

Answer 33

only stores, never produces

Question 34

Adrenal cortex

Answer 34

aldosterone cortisol (stress) androgens

Question 35

Adrenal medulla

Answer 35

(nor)epinephrine

Question 36

Pancreas

Answer 36

insulin and glucagon

Question 37

Kidney blood flow

Answer 37

``` Renal artery Interlobar art Arcuate art Interlobular art Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries (associated with convoluted tubules OR Vasa recta (associated with nephron loop) BOTH go to Interlobular vein Arcuate vein Interlobar vein Renal vein ```

Question 38

How many neprhons?

Answer 38

2.5 million

Question 39

By the time a woman is born, she will have...

Answer 39

all the primordial follicles she will ever need. These will stay until puberty

Question 40

When a girl hits puberty

Answer 40

primordial follicles will develop into primary starting the ovarian cycle.

Question 41

uterine cycle

Answer 41

menstruation proliferative phase secretory phase

Question 42

Embryonic stage

Answer 42

Oogonium becomes primary oocyte (all developed before birth, start prophase 1 then stop until after puberty)

Question 43

Some primary oocytes develop into secondary

Answer 43

Stop at metaphase II unless fertilized

Question 44

Zygote undergoes cleavage until it reaches

Answer 44

morula

Question 45

Week 4

Answer 45

embryonic stage Primitive streak forms on 2 layer disk. Gastrulation happens, cells move down streak forming a third layer (gastrulation) Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm (late third week) now in embryonic stage Folding starts about now (cephalocaudal folding [head and tail] transverse [incorporate endoderm into middle of structure making a hollow tube for guts])

Question 46

Fetal period

Answer 46

9-12

Question 47

Reproductive organs start to develop

Answer 47

13-16

Question 48

body growth

Answer 48

17-20

Question 49

muscle movement

Answer 49

21-38

Question 50

Sexual development of the embryo weeks 5-6

Answer 50

5-6: still indifferent - Genital tubercle - Urogenital fold - Labioscrotal swelling

Question 51

Sexual development of the embryo weeks 10-12

Answer 51

10-12: differentiation occurs Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus Testes, epididymis, and vas deferens both get urogenital sinus

Question 52

Sexual development of the embryo weeks 12-20

Answer 52

Female: - Genital tubercle - clitoris - Urogenital fold – labia minora - Labioscrotal swelling – labia majora Male: - Genital tubercle – glans - Urogenital fold – body - Labioscrotal swelling - scrotum full differentiation by 20 weeks