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Anatomy > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

weight loss
increased metabolic rate
hyperactivity

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2
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol and corticosterone

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3
Q

two types of cells in parathyroid gland

A

chief and oxyphil

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4
Q

gonadotropins

A

anterior pituitary

FSH and LH

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5
Q

A lack of corticosteroids can lead to…

A

death

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6
Q

hypothalamus does what three functions

A

regulate posterior pituitary action
stimulate adrenal medulla
produce regulatory molecules

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7
Q

(nor)epinephrine is released through the (___) cells

A

chromaffin

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8
Q

glucocorticoids are synthesized in the…

A

zona fasciculate

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9
Q

Layers of the uterus

A

Endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

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10
Q

Vaginal layers

A

mucosa
muscularis
adventitia

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11
Q

Path of ejaculate

A

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra

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12
Q

Sperm cells are __loid while spermatogonia are __loid

A

haploid

diploid

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13
Q

Neck of the urinary bladder

A

internal urethral sphincter

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14
Q

uterine blood flow

A

internal iliac artery
uterine artery
arteries in lining of uterus

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15
Q

corpus luteum produces which hormones?

A

estrogen, progesterone, LH

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16
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase

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17
Q

breast milk travels through…

A

alveoli
lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinuses

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18
Q

Micturition

A
  • stretch receptors activated
  • parasympathetic impulses travel to internal urethral sphincter and the detrusor muscle contracts
  • both contract
    conscious desire to urinate relaxes the external urethral sphincter
    -ab contraction aids expulsion
    detrusor relaxes and micturition reflex neurons are inactivated
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19
Q

the pharynx

A

naso
oro
laryngo

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20
Q

the palates

A 
hard palate (maxillae and palatine bones)
soft palate (skeletal muscle surrounded by epithelium)
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21
Q

greater omentum

A

off of greater curvature and down to transverse colon

names mesentary

22
Q

lesser omentum

A

up to liver

23
Q

GI layers

A 
lumen (inner tube) 
mucosa
subsmucoa
muscularis
adventitia / serosa (outer layer of serous membrane)
24
Q

most intestinal absorption happens in the

A

jejunum

25
Q

Bile path

A

liver to cystic duct to gall bladder

26
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

1) Small intestine absorbs products of digestion
2) Nutrient molecules travel in hepatic portal vein to liver
3) Liver monitors blood content (liver has first dibs on glucose)
4) Blood enters general circulation by way of hepatic vein

27
Q

Endocrine v exocrine glands

A

endocrine glands have no ducts and secrete directly to the blood stream
primarily function on negative feedback loops

28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

oversees endocrine, boss of autonomic nervous, control center for a few others

29
Q

Pituitary

A

Just under hypothalamus, connected by infundibulum (hormone transport)

30
Q

TSH

A

anterior

increase gland activity

31
Q

prolactin

A

anterior

regulate mammary gland growth and mature sex cells in testes

32
Q

ACTH

A

anterior

work on outside of adrenal cortex

33
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

only stores, never produces

34
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone
cortisol (stress)
androgens

35
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

(nor)epinephrine

36
Q

Pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon

37
Q

Kidney blood flow

A 
Renal artery
Interlobar art
Arcuate art
Interlobular art
Afferent arteriole 
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries (associated with convoluted tubules OR
Vasa recta (associated with nephron loop) BOTH go to 
Interlobular vein
Arcuate vein
Interlobar vein
Renal vein
38
Q

How many neprhons?

A

2.5 million

39
Q

By the time a woman is born, she will have…

A

all the primordial follicles she will ever need. These will stay until puberty

40
Q

When a girl hits puberty

A

primordial follicles will develop into primary starting the ovarian cycle.

41
Q

uterine cycle

A

menstruation
proliferative phase
secretory phase

42
Q

Embryonic stage

A

Oogonium becomes primary oocyte (all developed before birth, start prophase 1 then stop until after puberty)

43
Q

Some primary oocytes develop into secondary

A

Stop at metaphase II unless fertilized

44
Q

Zygote undergoes cleavage until it reaches

A

morula

45
Q

Week 4

A

embryonic stage
Primitive streak forms on 2 layer disk.
Gastrulation happens, cells move down streak forming a third layer (gastrulation)
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm (late third week) now in embryonic stage
Folding starts about now (cephalocaudal folding [head and tail] transverse [incorporate endoderm into middle of structure making a hollow tube for guts])

46
Q

Fetal period

A

9-12

47
Q

Reproductive organs start to develop

A

13-16

48
Q

body growth

A

17-20

49
Q

muscle movement

A

21-38

50
Q

Sexual development of the embryo weeks 5-6

A

5-6: still indifferent

  • Genital tubercle
  • Urogenital fold
  • Labioscrotal swelling
51
Q

Sexual development of the embryo weeks 10-12

A

10-12: differentiation occurs
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus
Testes, epididymis, and vas deferens
both get urogenital sinus

52
Q

Sexual development of the embryo weeks 12-20

A

Female:

  • Genital tubercle - clitoris
  • Urogenital fold – labia minora
  • Labioscrotal swelling – labia majora

Male:

  • Genital tubercle – glans
  • Urogenital fold – body
  • Labioscrotal swelling - scrotum

full differentiation by 20 weeks

Anatomy (18 decks)

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