Lecture Exam 1 (Unit 1) Flashcards
Physiology
Study of functions
Principle of Complementarity
Shape determines function
Structural Levels of Organization
Matter +Energy —–> Atoms + Elements —–> Molecules + Compounds ——> Biomolecules——> Organelles——> Cell——> Tissues——> Organs—–> Organ System —> Organism
Skeletal System
Organs: Bones
Fxns: Structure, Support, Protection, Blood
Muscular System
Organs: Muscles
Fxns: Movement, heat production, protection
Nervous System
Organs: Brain, Spinal Cord
Fxns: Fast communication/ control, release neurotransmitters
Endocrine System
Organs: Pancreas, thyroid, testes etc
Fxn: Secretes hormone
Cardiovascular System
Organs: Heart, Blood Vessels
Fxns: transports blood and o2
Lymphatic/Immune System
Organs: Lymph nodes, thymus
Fxns: Filters and removes waste, protection
Respiratory System
Organs: Trachea, lungs
Fxns: Gas exchange
Digestive System
Organs: Esophagus, mouth, stomach etc
fxns: Chemical and physical digestion, excretion, absorption
Urinary System
Organs: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder
Fxn: remove nitrogenous waste, regulate pH, H2O, and acid-base balance
Reproductive System
Organs: Testes, Vagina
Fxns: Reproduce, produce gametes, produce hormones
Integumentary System
Organs: Skin, Hair, Nails
Fxns: Protection, 1st line of defense, absorbs vitamin D, thermoregulation, sensations
Homeostasis
Prevents disease, the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite outside changes. Think constant adjustments, dynamic state of equillibrium
Negative Feedback
Stimulus is reduced
Positive Feedback
Amplifies Stimulus
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Energy
The ability to do work
Kinetic energy
Energy of action
Potential Energy
Stored Energy
Forms of energy
Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, Radiant/ electromagnetic
Chemical energy
Stored in the bonds of chemical substances
Electrical Energy
Movement of charged particles
Mechanical Energy
Movement of matter
Electromagnetic Energy
Travels in waves
Atoms
Identical building blocks of each element
Proton
Charge: +1
Location: Nucleus
Mass: 1 amu
Symbol: p^+
Neutrons
Charge: 0
Location: Nucleus
Mass: 1 amu
Symbol: n^0
Electrons
Charge: -1
Location: Shells or cloud
Mass: 0 amu
Symbol: e^-
Electron Configuration for Carbon
1s2 , 2s2, 2p2.
Electron Configuration for Hydrogen
1s1
Electron Configuration for Oxygen
1s2 2s2 2p4
Electron Configuration for Nitrogen
1s2 2s2 2p3
Nonpolar Covalent bond
Equal Sharing of electrons
Polar Covalent Bond
Unequal sharing of electrons
Ionic Bond
Involves transfer of electrons from one atom to another
Hydrogen bonds
Weak bonds individually, many together are strong
Hydrophobic bond
arise as a consequence of the interaction of their hydrophobic (i.e., “water-disliking”) amino acids with the polar solvent, water.
Molecule
2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds
Molecular formula for water
H2O
Molecular formula for Ammonia
NH3
Molecular formula for Carbon Dioxide
CO2
Molecular formula for oxygen
O2
Formula for Sodium Chloride
NaCl
Formula for Methane
CH4
Formula for Ethanol
C2H6O
Formula for Formic acid
HCOOH
Formula for acetic acid
CH₃COOH
Formula for lactic acid
C3H6O3
Formula for carbonic acid
H2CO3
Formula for hydrochloric acid
HCl
Formula for Sodium Hydroxide
NaOH
Essential amino acids
Body can’t make these amino acids
Non-essential amino acids
Body can make these amino acids
Chemical Reaction
-Occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged or broken
- Relative amounts of reactants and products
- Theoretically reversible
- Chem. equilibrium occurs if neither a forward nor reverse rxn is dominant
- Many biological reactions are not reversible because: Energy requirements, removal of products
Reactant
Input of a chemical equation
Products
Output of a chemical equation
Functions of Carbohydrates
Source of cellular energy, Structural purposes (genes), cell-to-cell interactions
Calorie content of carbohydrates
4 Cal/ g
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides linked
Oligosaccharides
3-10 monosaccharides linked
Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides linked together
Complex Carbohydrates
Polymer(Polysaccharide), chains of carbohydrates linked
Main types of lipids in the body
Neutral fats, Phospholipids, Steroids, Eicosanoids, Fat soluble vitamins
Functions of lipids
Source of energy, forms cell membrane, serves as fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), can function as steroids (hormones, membranes, cholesterol), serve as eicosanoids (Role in BP, inflammation and pain)
Hydrophobic
Water-fearing
Hydrophilic
Water-loving
Functions of proteins
Structure, Energy (4 Cal/g), works as catalyst, transport substances in blood, communicate info to cells, Act as receptors, defend
Enzyme
A protein that speeds up a reaction
Substrate
A molecule that an enzyme reacts with
Dehydration Synthesis
Losing H2O, to get a larger product
Hydrolysis
Adding H2O to break bonds
DNA vs RNA
DNA: 2 strands, double helix, Has thymine
RNA: 1 strand, 1 helix, has uracil instead of thymine
Both found in nucleus during protein synthesis, RNA is also found in the cytoplasm
DNA bases
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
RNA bases
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
Semipermeable
Allows certain things to go in and out
Simple diffusion
Does not require ATP, molecules spread through membranes from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
Via protein carrier specific for 1
chemical, binding of substrate causes shape change in transport protein
Channel-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
Via a channel protein, mostly ions selected on basis of size and shape
Active Transport
ATP is required
Exocytosis
Occurs when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing its contents to be released outside the cell
Endocytosis
The ingestion of large particles (such as bacteria) and the uptake of fluids or macromolecules in small vesicles.
Hypertonic
Higher osmotic pressure than another solution
Hypotonic
Lower osmotic pressure than another solution
Isotonic
Same amount of osmotic pressure of another osmotic solution
Cell
Smallest living unit of life
Concentration
The quantity of a solute that is contained in a particular quantity of solvent or solution
Concentration Gradient
Occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another
Relative Strength of Covalent, Ionic and Hydrogen Bonds
From strongest to weakest:
Ionic Bond ——> Covalent Bond ——–> Hydrogen Bond
Synthesis Reaction
A+ B —-> AB
Decomposition Reaction
AB ——> A + B
Exchange Reaction (Single)
A+ BC ——> AC + B
Exchange Reaction (Double)
AB + CD ——-> AD + CB
Location and Purpose of Chromosomes
Found in the nuclei of our cells and allow DNA to be accurately copied during cell division
Double Helical structure of DNA
Antiparallel strands, Sugar +Phosphate backbone, Nucleotides bonded by H bonds
Structure of tRNA
Typically in the shape of a clover or an L, has two ends, 5’ and 3’ ends. The 5’ end consists of a phosphate group which is attached to the 5th carbon atom of ribose sugar while the other 3’ end has a free OH group on the 3-carbon atom
Solute
Substance that is being dissolved, substance present in the least amount
Solvent
Substance doing the dissolving, substance present in the largest amount
Structure, function and purpose of the Plasma Membrane
Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with imbedded proteins, and carbohydrates
function: Protection from foreign bodies, structure, transport
purpose: Allows materials to go in and out of cell
Structure, function and purpose of the nuclear membrane
Structure: has lipid bilayer, an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane
function: barrier that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
purpose: protects DNA and RNA that is inside nucleus
Structure, function and purpose of the golgi body
Structure: made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae, has ubules, vesicles, and vacuoles
Function: Helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules
Purpose: It processes, modifies, and packages proteins and other macromolecules
Structure, function and purpose of the lysosomes
Structure: Composed of lipids and proteins, with a single membrane covering the internal enzymes
Function: Breaks down excess or worn-out cell parts
Purpose: Cleans up cell waste
Structure, function and purpose of the mitochondria
Structure: double-membraned, rod-shaped structure, consisting of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes separated by an intermembrane space
Function: Generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions
Purpose: Makes ATP for the cell
Pores (Channels)
Nonselective structures that discriminate between solutes on the basis of size, allowing the passage of molecules that are sufficiently small to fit
Carriers
Carrier proteins
Pumps
Transmembrane proteins
