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Microbiology > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Hepacivirus (HCV)

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2
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Orthohepadnavirus

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3
Q

Human Herpesvirus 1

A

Simplexvirus (HHV-1)

Fever blisters, oral herpes. More common.

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4
Q

Human Herpesvirus 2

A

Simplexvirus (HHV-2)

Common genital herpes

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5
Q

Human Herpesvirus 3

A

Varicellovirus

Chicken pox

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6
Q

Flu

A

Influenzavirus

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7
Q

Aids/HIV

A

Lentivirus

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8
Q

Measles

A

Morbillivirus

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9
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Norovirus

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10
Q

Papillomavirus

A

Papillomavirus

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11
Q

Rubella (German Measles)

A

Rubivirus

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12
Q

Mumps

A

Rubulavirus

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13
Q

Pertusis (whooping cough)

A

Bortadella pertussis

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14
Q

Acute gastroenteritis

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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15
Q

Chlamydia

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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16
Q

Colitis

A

Clostridium difficile

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17
Q

Gangrene, enteritis

A

Clostridium perfringens

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18
Q

Diptheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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19
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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20
Q

Gonhorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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21
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Salmonella enterica

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22
Q

Boils, impetigo, sinusitis

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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23
Q

Pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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24
Q

Rheumatic fever, necrotizing fasciitis, strep throat

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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25
Q

Candidiasis (oral thrush, vaginitis) (fungi)

A

Candida albicans

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26
Q

Flu (fungi)

A

Coccidioides immitis

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27
Q

Pneumonia (fungi)

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

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28
Q

Diarrhea (protist)

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

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29
Q

Giardia

A

Giardia lamblia (protist)

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30
Q

Malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum (protist)

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31
Q

Taeniasis (tapeworms)

A

Tania solium

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32
Q

How many types of viruses are there?

A

2, naked and enveloped

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33
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • nonliving entities, not cells
  • rely on enzymes/substrates of a host cell
  • don’t replicate outside out of a host
  • outside a host are completely inert, do not grow or develop
  • much smaller than bacteria!
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34
Q

What is a naked virus?

A

Nucleic acid in a capsid. (Nucleocapsid).

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35
Q

What is an enveloped virus?

A

Nucleocapsid in a phospholipid envelope. Membrane derived from host membrane or organelles of host membrane.

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36
Q

Glycoprotein spikes

A
  • Function in attachment to host cell
  • Found in naked and enveloped virus
  • So that virus infects the right cell. Viruses very specific!
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37
Q

What are the 5 types of DNA/RNA that viruses can have, and how quickly can they synthesize proteins?

A
  • dsDNA (immediate)
  • ssDNA (immediate)
  • dsRNA (needs enzyme)
  • +ssRNA (immediate, functions as mRNA)
  • -ssRNA (needs enzyme)
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38
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

Viruses that infect bacteria. Found everywhere.

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39
Q

Stages of lytic replication

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry - via protein needle
  3. Synthesis - make RNAs, which are read to make proteins
  4. Assembly - viruses are assembled
  5. Release - via lysis of host cell

Plaques on agar due to lytic replication.

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40
Q

What is a temperate phage?

A

A bacteriophage that can choose between lytic and lysogenic replication?

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41
Q

What is a prophage?

A

When the temperate phage is within the bacteria’s chromosome. With reproduction both cell DNA and prophage are replicated.

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42
Q

What is induction?

A

The process by which a dormant prophage detaches from the DNA of a bacterium and switches from lysogenic to lytic replication.

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43
Q

Bacteriophage vs Temperate phage

A

Bacteriophage is virulent, can infect host cell. Temperate phage injects a dormant prophage, which can use lysogenic or lytic replication.

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44
Q

What is lysogenic conversion?

A

Presence of a lysogenic phage (or multiple) alters the phenotype of the cell. Viruses do not produce toxins, but cause the bacteria to produce toxins.

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45
Q

What does animal virus replication depend on?

A
  1. Virus type
  2. Type of genetic material
  3. Same basic steps as bacteriophage
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46
Q

+RNA/-RNA

A

+RNA contains genetic code

-RNA complement to the code

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47
Q

Attachment in Animal Virus Replication

A

Glycoproteins/other molecules attach to host cell receptors due to chemical attraction between virus and cell receptors.

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48
Q

Entry of enveloped viruses in Animal Virus Replication

A

Endocytosis or membrane fusion

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49
Q

Entry of naked viruses in Animal Virus Replication

A

Endocytosis, or injection of nucleic acid into cell

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50
Q

Steps of Animal Virus Replication

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry/penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Synthesis
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
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51
Q

Where does RNA replicate?

A

Cytoplasm, dsRNA and -ssRNA must carry their own enzymes

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52
Q

Where does DNA replicate?

A

Nucleus, using host enzymes

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53
Q

First to observe microorganisms

A

Antonie VanLeeuwenhoek

Used a magnifying glass w/excellent optics, not a compound microscope. Saw “animalcules”

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54
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Theory that eukaryotic cells developed from prokarkyotic cells

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55
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Structure of a cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipids with protein molecules

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56
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread-like structure of nucleic acids and proteins that carries genetic information

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57
Q

Organelle

A

Specialized structure within a cell

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58
Q

Meiosis

A

Division into 4 daughter cells

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59
Q

Eukaryotic mitochondrion

A

Ribosome is 70s. Circular DNA. Double membrane.

Cristae - folds created by the inner membrane
Matrix - inside of inner membrane

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60
Q

Chloroplasts

A

2 membrane, where photosynthesis takes place

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61
Q

Thylakoids

A

Sites where photosynthesis occurs. Small discs.

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62
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoids

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63
Q

Stroma

A

Surround grana/thylakoids. 70s ribosomes, suggesting that chloroplasts came from bacteria.

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64
Q

Cytoskelteon functions and contents

A

Maintains cell shape, motility, anchors organelles, vehicle transports, cytokinesis(division)

  • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
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65
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelle that synthesizes proteins. Made of rRNA and protein, same function in both bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes.

Lg - 60s
Sm - 40s
Together - 80s

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66
Q

Golgi body

A

Packages proteins

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67
Q

Nucleus

A

2 membrane, 2 phospholipid bilayers. Things go in/out via nuclear pores. Holds DNA, which determines function. Different gene expressions produce different phenotypes

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68
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome biogenesis

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69
Q

Rough ER

A

protein synthesis

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70
Q

Smooth ER

A

Calcium storage, lipid synthesis

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71
Q

First to view cells

A

Robert Hooke, under compound microscope

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72
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

Microtubules. No bacteria have cilia!

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73
Q

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

A

First to observe microorganisms. Used magnifying glass w/excellent optics

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74
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genes in an organism

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75
Q

Plasmid

A

Extra-chromosomal molecule of DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome. Typically circular, typically not in eukaryotes but common in bacteria. Contains non-essential, accessory genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance.

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76
Q

Endoflagellum

A

Flagella inside the structure of the cell, also called axial filaments.

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77
Q

Taxis

A

Movement in response to a stimulus (bacterial cells)

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78
Q

Fimbriae vs Pili

A

Appendages on bacterial cells.

Fimbriae: bristle like proteins used for adhesions. More numerous, often attach to microvilli of intestines.

Pili: long protein appendages, less numerous, used for adherence, some used for motility (reeling in), used for conjugation

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79
Q

Glycocalyx (2 layers)

A

Layer of complex carbohydrates covering the bacterial cell.

  • Capsule: dense, firmly attached, helps escape digestive system by binding to antibodies
  • Slime layer (biofilm): loosely attached to the cell, very protective.
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80
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Forms bacterial cell wall, consists of amino acids and carbohydrates. Protects from osmotic forces, maintains cell shape.

  • Made of NAGs and NAMs
  • Thick layer with Gram-positive bacteria
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81
Q

Periplasmic space

A

The bacterial cell wall is not totally solid, things can flow through the peptidoglycan without transport proteins

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82
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, comprised of Lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and an O-side chain. (Phospholipids and proteins)

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83
Q

Gram-pos vs Gram-neg membranes

A

G-pos: plasma membrane, peptidoglycan. Contains teichoic acid/lipoteichoic acid, not found in G-neg
G-neg: plasma membrane, thin peptidoglycan, outer LPS

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84
Q

Acid-fast bacteria

A

Subgroup of Gram-positive bacteria that has mycelia acid in the cell wall, which is a wax that prevents the gram stain from working properly. Have to use acid-fast stain to visualize. Example: tuberculosis

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85
Q

Flagella purpose

A

Motility. Rotate from H+ to propel through the environment.

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86
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Bacterial movement in response to food

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87
Q

Phototaxis

A

Bacterial movement in response to light

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88
Q

Side by side bacillus arrangement

A

Palisade

89
Q

Endospores

A

Form via sporulation. Metabolically inactive, resistant to drying, UV light, heat, cold. Form when conditions are unfavorable, dormant until conditions improve for vegetative growth.

90
Q

Cytoskeleton in bacteria

A

Simpler than in eukaryotes. Helical/linear proteins force bacteria to take a bacillus shape.

91
Q

Vibrio

A

Comma shape for bacteria

92
Q

Bacterial cells that take many shapes

A

Pleomorphic

93
Q

The field of naming organisms

A

Taxonomy. Organized based on evolutionary similarities.

94
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

“Linnean system” First system of taxonomy/classification. It had 3 kingdoms: plants, animals, minerals. It was the first to establish a “binomial nomenclature” wherein all animals were give a unique genus/species combo.

95
Q

Inventor of current system of taxonomy

A

Carl Woese. Domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, Archea

96
Q

Protist

A

Animal that is not a plant/animal/fungus

97
Q

Mold morphology

A

Multicellular. Cells form long filaments called hyphae. A mat of hyphae=mycelium

98
Q

Yeast morphology

A

Multicellular, oval-round in shape

99
Q

Pseudohyphae

A

A “filament” of yeast cells that do not attach after budding. (Candida albicans)

100
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A

Switch from mold (environment) to yeast (inside a person) depending on temperature

101
Q

Protozoa characteristics

A

Unicellular/no cell walls. Complex life cycles, use sexual and asexual reproduction. Cholesterol

102
Q

Fungi characteristics

A

Uni or multicellular. Asexual or sexual. Parasites or saprobes (live off death).

Cell wall = chitin
Cell membrane = ergosterol

103
Q

Fungi cell wall/cell membrane

A

Cell wall = chitin

Cell membrane = ergosterol

104
Q

Protozoa lifecycle

A
  1. Trophozoite: feeding, growth. Happens in all protozoa. Often motile via cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia (cytoplasm extension)
  2. Cyst: not in all protozoa. Environmentally resistant, not feeding, similar to endospores. Can survive GI tract then become a trophozoite in the gut.
105
Q

Animal characteristics

A

Multicellular, complex organ systems w/variation among groups. Mostly sexual reproduction.

106
Q

Domain Eukarya characteristics

A
  • Membrane bound nucleus
  • Sexual or asexual
  • Can have cell wall
  • insensitive to antibiotics
  • 80s ribosomes
  • fungi, protists, animals
107
Q

Cestoda

A

Tapeworms (animals). Flat, segmented bodies, intestinal parasites that absorb nutrients from host gut. No digestive systems - nutrients are absorbed through the skin. Every segment has both M/F parts.

Scolex: at one end, has hooks and suckers for attachment to the host

108
Q

Domain Bacteria characteristics

A
  • No membrane-bound nucleus
  • Asexual reproduction (mitosis)
  • Have cell walls
  • Sensitive to antibiotics
  • 70s ribosomes
109
Q

Domain Archea Characteristics

A
  • No membrane-bound nucleus
  • Asexual
  • Have a cell wall w/no peptidoglycan
  • Not sensitive to abx
  • 70s ribosomes
  • Adapted for extreme heat, low pH, high salinity. Not pathogens.
  • Cell membrane is monolayer with isoprenoid subunits, not fatty acids (would melt)
  • Methagenous - converts CO2 to methane
110
Q

Halobacteria s.p.p.

A

Require high salt concentrations for growth (hot springs)

111
Q

Methanogen

A

Converts CO2 to methane. Live in soil, H2O, landfills, mammalian digestive tracts

112
Q

Virus

A

Mostly nonliving entities, not cells. Acellular infections agents that rely on enzymes/substrates of a host cell. Very small. Inert outside of a host. Naked or enveloped

113
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat that protects viral nucleic acid. Many shapes, all viruses have. Made of capsomeres.

114
Q

Viral envelope

A

Acquired from a host cell’s internal or cell membranes. Can be a phospholipids bilayer or other proteins.

115
Q

Glycoprotein spikes

A

In both naked/enveloped viruses. Function in attachment to a host cell, and to ensure that a virus infects the right cell, as viruses have very specific hosts.

116
Q

Viral nucleic acids

A

Viruses can have DNA or RNA but not both. Can be circular, linear, or in segments (like chromosomes).
DNA: dsDNA, ssDNA
RNA: dsDNA, -ssRNA, +ssRNA

+ is the code, - is the template
+ssRNA acts like RNA
-ssRNA has the template for the code

117
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

The capsid of a virus with the enclosed nucleic acid

118
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Viruses that infect bacteria. Found everywhere.

119
Q

Animal Virus Replication Step 1

A

Attachment. Glycoproteins/other molecules attach to host cell receptors. Chemical attraction between virus and cell receptors

120
Q

Animal Virus Replication Step 2

A

Entry/Penetration. Enveloped: endocytosis or membrane fusion. Naked: endocytosis or injection into cell

121
Q

Animal Virus Replication Step 3

A

Uncoating

122
Q

Animal Virus Replication Step 4

A

Synthesis of nucleic acid.

RNA replicates in cytoplasm
DNA replicates in nucleus

123
Q

Transcriptases

A

Virus enzymes that can read RNA to make copies.

124
Q

Protein synthesis in RNA and DNA

A

RNA - Cytoplasm

DNA - Cytoplasm

125
Q

Animal Virus Replication Step 5

A

Assembly of proteins.

RNA - Cytoplasm
DNA - Nucleus

126
Q

Animal Virus Replication Step 6

A

Release. Naked viruses released via lysis, enveloped released via exocytosis (nuclear membrane) or budding (cell membrane)

127
Q

Family of viruses

A

Viridae

128
Q

Virus classification

A

Separate from organism classification and the tree of life.

129
Q

Process by which dormant prophage comes out of DNA and switches to lytic replication

A

Induction

130
Q

Lysogenic Conversion

A

The ability of phages to survive in a bacterium by integrating in to the DNA of the host. Once integrated they are a prophage.

C. diphtheriae
V. cholerae

131
Q

Prions

A

Proteinaceous infections agents that are simpler than viruses, do not have nucleic acid. Native prions change to infections prions due to a change in the secondary structure.

132
Q

Cellular PrP

A

Prion protein made by all mammals. Normal structure is alpha-helices. Functions in membrane transport.

133
Q

Prion PrP

A

Infections! Folds of beta sheets instead of alpha-helices. Nonfunctional, indigestible, folds up in cell to disrupt cell function. Brain disease - spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, fatal, loss of brain matter). No treatment aside from prevention.

134
Q

Kuru

A

Rare infectious disease, originally caused by cannibalism after death.

135
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts, make reactions possible.

  • Proteins (usually)
  • reused
  • lower activation energy
  • ribosomes are enzymes
  • may require cofactors/coenzymes
136
Q

Cofactor

A

Inorganic. Metal ions common (MG)

137
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic non-protein, NAD+, FAD, coenzyme Q

138
Q

NAD+

A

Reduced to NADH, needed for glycolysis, Krebs, Acetyl CoA synthesis. Oxidized to NAD+ at the ETC or during fermentation.

139
Q

Enzyme acitvity regulation (3)

A

Competitive inhibition, allosteric inhibition, allosteric activation

140
Q

Endoenzymes

A

Found within the cell, active inside the cell, produced/utilized inside the cell

141
Q

Exoenzymes

A

Active outside the cell, secreted by the cell into the environment

142
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all reactions inside a cell

143
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Series of chemical reactions mediated by enzymes. The product of one becomes the substrate of the next

144
Q

Catabolism

A

The break down of large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy (exergonic). Hydrolysis = process of making large molecules into smaller ones

145
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones using ATP (endergonic).

146
Q

Metabolism regulation

A

Feedback inhibition (a type of allosteric inhibition). Synthesize molecules only pan. Tryptophan, which is expensive to make, has an allosteric inhibitor at many steps.

147
Q

Catabolite repression

A

Presence of cheaper substrate prevents the use of an energetically unfavorable one.

148
Q

Presence of cheaper substrate prevents the use of an energetically unfavorable one.

A

Catabolite repression

149
Q

ATP energy (3)

A

Stored in the terminal phosphate groups with high energy covalent bonds.

  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
  3. Photophosphorylation
150
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Photosynthesis

151
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

ETC

152
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

Krebs, glycolysis, fermentation

153
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Aerobic - O2 is final electron acceptor. Via ETC/chemiosmosis. 34-36 ATP

Anaerobic - inorganic molecule (NO3-, SO42, CO2). Via ETC/ehcmiosmosis. 32 ATP. Example is methanization.

154
Q

Fermentation

A

Organic molecule. Yields 1-2 ATP.

155
Q

Glycolysis pathways of fermentation (2)

A

EMP: glucose is converted to 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Entner-doudoroff: glucose is converted to 2 pyruvate + 1 ATP + 1 NADH + 1 NADPH

156
Q

Two types of EMP fermentation

A
  • Alcohol. Fermentation by yeast. Beer wine bread. Glucose + 2 ADP –> 2 ATP + CO2 + Ethanol
  • Lactic acid, in human muscle cells.
    Glucose + 2 ADP –> 2 ATP + lactate
157
Q

Types of bacterial fermentation (6)

A 
Homolactic
Heterolactic
Propionic acid
Mixed acid
2, 3 butanediol
ABE
158
Q

Homolactic fermentation

A

End products: lactic acid. (yogurt, cheese)

159
Q

Heterolactic fermentation

A

End products: lactic acid, ethanol, CO2 (saurkraut, kimchi)

160
Q

Propionic acid

A

End products: propionic acid, acetic acid, CO2 (emmentaler)

161
Q

Mixed acid

A

End products: lactate, succinate, acetate, formate, ethanol, co2, h2. (E. coli)

162
Q

2, 3 butanediol

A

End products: 2,3 butanediolh, acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, co2

163
Q

ABE

A

End products: acetone, butanol, ethanol. (potential biofuel)

164
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Light dependent: Use light to produce ATP and reduce NADPH.

Light independent: autotrophs use ATP and NADPH to fix inorganic carbon

165
Q

Hep C

A

Hepacivirus

166
Q

Hep B

A

Orthohepadnavirus

167
Q

HHV1, HHV2

A

Simplexvirus

168
Q

HHV3

A

Varicellovirus

169
Q

Influenza

A

Influenzavirus

170
Q

HIV

A

Lentivirus

171
Q

Noro

A

Norovirus

172
Q

HPV, warts

A

Pappillomavirus

173
Q

Measles

A

Morbillivirus

174
Q

German measles

A

Rubivirus

175
Q

Mumps

A

Rubulavirus

176
Q

Binary fission

A

Each cell divides into 2 new cells.

177
Q

Doubling time

A

(Generation time). The time required for a bacterial population to double in size, for a bacterial cell to grow/divide. Dependent on intrinsic, nutritional, and physical conditions.

178
Q

Exponential growth

A

Nn = No x 2^n

bacteria generation = Original # of bacteria x growth factor

Can calculate expected increase in population if generation time and total growth is known.

179
Q

Lag phase

A

No growth or death. Acclimating to new environment. Cells increase in size but do not divide.

180
Q

Log phase

A

Exponential increase, intrinsic growth rate. Ideal time for study for many experience.

181
Q

Stationary phase

A

Population size does not change, nutrients are decreasing, waste products are increasing. Sporulation begins. Growth rate = death rate

182
Q

Death/decline phase

A

Number of live bacteria declines. Nutrients are depleted, waste products are abundant.

183
Q

Indirect method of measuring bacterial growth

A

Turbidity. Don’t know the # of cells but know that there has been growth. Can track using spectophotometer.

184
Q

Direct methods of measuring bacterial growth.

A
  1. Petroff - Hauser chamber slide. Slide with grid, count cells and multiply. Works for dead/non-motile bacteria
  2. Serial dilution and viable plate count: can estimate the number of live cells in an original sample (CFU/mL). Serial dilution reduces the # of cells to give a countable # of colonies on plates. (30-300). Decreased by a factor of 10 each dilution.
185
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemicals that an organism needs to build biological molecules. (C,H,N,O,S)

186
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Acquire carbon from existing organic molecules. “feeding off the other”

187
Q

Autotrophs

A

Take in carbon at CO2 (inorganic carbon). “Feeding yourself”

188
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Use chemical reactions as a source of energy.

  • Organotrophs: use organic molecules as energy source
  • Lithotrophs: use inorganic molecules as energy source. Found only in microbes.
189
Q

Phototrophs

A

Use sunlight as a source of energy.

190
Q

Uses inorganic molecules as an energy source.

A

Lithotrophs.

Bacteria: nirtosomonas, nitrobacter
Archea: methanogens. H2 is electron and energy source.

191
Q

Oxygen toxicity

A

Use of O2 and O2 containing environments produce molecules that can cause damage to biological molecules. Organisms that tolerate the presence of O2 have to have mechanisms to dealt with reactive molecules like superoxide CO2- and Peroxides O2-2, H2O2). Bacteria have enzymes to detoxify these molecules.

192
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Requires O2 for metabolism. Uses aerobic respiration. Able to detoxify reactive O2 molecules using detoxification enzymes.

193
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Do not use O2, use anaerobic respiration or fermentation. Cannot detoxify reactive O2 molecules, must live in anaerobic environment.

194
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can detoxify O2 molecules using detoxification enzymes. Will use aerobic respiration of O2 is present but use fermentation if in anaerobic conditions. (E. coli)

195
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Do not require O2, use aerobic respiration or fermentation. Can detoxify O2 radicals with enzymes. (lactobacillus)

196
Q

Psychrophiles

A

-5 to -20 C

197
Q

Mesophiles

A

15 - 45 C. All pathogens! Human body temperature.

198
Q

Thermophiles

A

45-80C

199
Q

Hypertheromphiles

A

65-105C

200
Q

Acidophile

A

1-5.5 pH

201
Q

Neutrophile

A

5.5-8.5 pH

202
Q

Alkaliphile

A

7.5-11.5 pH

203
Q

Water activity

A

Amount of free H2O molecules in a substance. All organisms need H2O to carry out metabolic pathways. Water activity (Aw) is a measure of the amount of water in products. Most organisms are inhibited at Aw

204
Q

Osmolarity

A

Most organisms live in a nearly isotonic environment. The solute concentration in an environment affects the amount of H2O available to organisms. Some are well adapted to NaCl in the environment.

205
Q

Halophiles

A

Require NaCl for growth. 3.5-35% g/mL

206
Q

Halotolerante

A

Do not require NaCl, but can grow in increased salinity

207
Q

Enzymes that protect against reactive oxygen (2)

A

Superoxide dimutase, Catalase

208
Q

Streptomycetaceae

A

Antibiotic agent, especially agains tuberculosis and the plague

209
Q

Corynebateriacea

A

Diptheria

210
Q

Mycobacteriacea

A

Tuberculosis

211
Q

Clostridiacea

A

Bolulism, perfringens (food poisoning), tetanus, difficile

212
Q

Bacillaceae

A

Anthrax

213
Q

Rickettsiaceae

A

Typhus, rocky mountain fever

214
Q

Enterobacteriaceae

A

Salmonella, E. Coli, yersinia pestis, shigella

215
Q

Alcaligenaceae

A

Bortadella pertussis

216
Q

Helicobacteriaceae

A

H. pylori - ulcers, stomach cancer

217
Q

Neisseriaceae

A

Gonorrhea, meningitis

218
Q

Spirochetaceae

A

Syphilis, lyme

219
Q

Campylobacteriaceae

A

Food poisoning

Microbiology (7 decks)

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