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Anatomy > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six functions of bones?

A
  1. Structure
  2. Assist Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Blood cell production
  5. Mineral Storage
  6. Energy Storage
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2
Q

Where are blood cells produced?

A

red bone marrow

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3
Q

What is the production of blood cells called?

A

Hemopoesis

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4
Q

What ions do bone tissue contain a large amount of?

A

Calcium and Phosphorous

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5
Q

How does bone maintain blood levels of Calcium and Phosphorous?

A

By adding or removing them from the blood stream and storing them in bone tissues

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6
Q

Where is energy stored in bone?

A

In fat cells or adipose tissue in the yellow bone marrow

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7
Q

What are the five classifications of bones?

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
  5. Sesamoid
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8
Q

What are examples of long bones?

A

Most bones of the appendicular skeleton (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, metacarpals, phalanges)

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9
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

Carpals and Tarsals

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10
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

Parietal, Frontal, Occipital, Ribs, Sternum

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11
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A

Bones that don’t fit into other categories ( ethmoid, sphenoid, vertebrae, pelvic bones)

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12
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Usually embedded in a tendon (Patella, Pisiform, Big Toe, Thumb)

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13
Q

What are the three parts of the gross anatomy of long bones?

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphysis
  3. Metaphysis
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14
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft of long bone

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15
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

Two ends of long bone

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16
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

Portion between the shaft and the wide parts of the ends, corresponds to the area of epiphyseal line in ossified bone

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17
Q

What is the central cavity of the Diaphysis?

A

Medullary Cavity

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18
Q

What does the Medullary Cavity contain?

A

Yellow bone marrow which is 96% fat

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19
Q

What is the Medullary Cavity lined with?

A

Connective tissue called endosteum

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20
Q

What is the outer compact bone of the diaphysis surrounded by?

A

Double protective layer called periosteum

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21
Q

What is the outer surface of the Epiphysis?

A

Cortical (compact or lamellar) Bone

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22
Q

What is the inner surface of the Epiphysis?

A

Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) Bone

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23
Q

What are the two layers of Periosteum?

A
  1. Inner reproductive layer (Stratum Osteogeneticum)

2. Outer fibrous layer (Stratum Fibrosum)

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24
Q

Periosteum covers all of the outer surface of long bones except …….?

A

the articular surface, points of ligament or tendon insertion, and the surface of the patella or other sesamoid bones

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25
Q

What are the three functions of the Periosteum?

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Protection
  3. Growth
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26
Q

How does the Periosteum provide nutrition to the bone?

A

Via blood vessels which enter the bone through nutrient foramen which then connect to perforating and central canals

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27
Q

How does the Periosteum provide protection to bone?

A

through free nerve endings

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28
Q

How does the Periosteum function in the growth of the bone?

A

it is responsible for diametric (width) growth and critical for callus formation following a fracture (inner layer)

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29
Q

What part of bone are the articulating ends?

A

Epiphysis

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30
Q

What part of the Epiphysis is generally oriented along the major stress lines of the bone?

A

Spicules

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31
Q

What is the Epiphyseal Plate?

A

Hyaline cartilage plate in the Metaphysis at each end of long bone

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32
Q

What type of person contains an Epiphyseal Plate?

A

children and adolescents

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33
Q

What is the Epiphyseal Plate replaced with after an adult has stopped growing?

A

Epiphyseal Line

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34
Q

What is the Epiphyseal Plate responsible for?

A

Longitudinal growth

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35
Q

The Epiphyseal Plate usually closes after the ____th year.

A

25

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36
Q

What is the basic unit of structure of Compact Bone? What is it sometimes called?

A
  • Osteon

- Haversian System

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37
Q

What do Osteons consist of?

A

central canals surrounded by concentric layers of bone (lamellae), which run parallel to the long axis of the bone and contain nerve, arterioles, and venules.

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38
Q

What are the five structures of an Osteon?

A
  1. Lamella : concentric ring
  2. Central (Haversian) Canal : runs through core
  3. Perforating Canals : connect central canals
  4. Lacuna: contain osteocytes
  5. Canaliculi
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39
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

mature bone cells

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40
Q

What are Canaliculi?

A

Tiny canals which interconnect Lacunae

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41
Q

What do the Canaliculi provide?

A

A pathway for nutrients to diffuse from the central canal to osteocytes within their own osteon

42
Q

What are the two types of Osteocytes?

A
  1. Osteoblasts

2. Osteoclasts

43
Q

What do Osteoblasts do?

A

build bone

44
Q

What do Osteoclasts do?

A

remove bone

45
Q

Lamellae of spongy bone are not arranged in _____ layers.

A

concentric

46
Q

How are Lamellae arranged in spongy bone?

A

in lines that correspond with the lines of maximal stress

47
Q

Spongy bone contains red bone marrow so it is responsible for ________.

A

Erythropoeisis

48
Q

How many bones does the Axial skeleton have?

A

80

49
Q

The skull is made up of __ or ___ bones. Why?

A

22, 29 because of the auditory ossicles and hyoid bone

50
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

26

51
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

24

52
Q

How many cervical vertebrae?

A

7

53
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

54
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

55
Q

What are Fontanels?

A

6 fibrous membranes that form soft spots of a babies skull

56
Q

What is the purpose of Fontanels?

A

they allow the skull to deform during birth

57
Q

What Fontanel is between the two parietal bones?

A

Anterior (Frontal)

58
Q

What Fontanel is between the two parietal and occipital bones?

A

Posterior (Occipital)

59
Q

What is the largest Fontanel and last to close? When does it close?

A
  • Anterior (Frontal)

- 18 to 24 months

60
Q

When does the Posterior (Occipital) Fontanel close?

A

2 months

61
Q

When does the Anterolateral (Sphenoidal) Fontanel close?

A

3 months

62
Q

When does the Posterolateral (Mastoid) Fontanel close?

A

12 months

63
Q

What seven bones make up the Orbit of the eye?

A
  1. Sphenoid
  2. Lacrimal
  3. Zygomatic
  4. Frontal
  5. Maxilla
  6. Palatine
  7. Ethmoid
64
Q

What is a normal angle of inclination for the femur?

A

125

65
Q

What is the angle of inclination for coxa varum?

A

less than 120

66
Q

What is the angle of inclination for coxa valgum?

A

greater than 135

67
Q

What does Coxa Valgum cause?

A

distal segment of femur is further from midline

68
Q

What does Coxa Varum cause?

A

distal segment of femur is closer to midline

69
Q

Angle of inclination is seen from what plane?

A

Frontal

70
Q

Angle of torsion is seen from what plane?

A

Transverse

71
Q

What is the angle of torsion?

A

Head and neck of Femur rotate outward form shaft of Femur

72
Q

What is a normal angle of torsion in adults?

A

15 degrees

73
Q

What is Femoral Anteversion?

A

Torsion angle greater than 15 degrees

74
Q

Femoral Anteversion is one possible cause of _______ and also cause _______.

A
  • pidgeon toe

- winking Patella

75
Q

What is Femoral Retroversion?

A

Torsion angle less than 15 degrees

76
Q

Femoral Retroversion is one possible cause of ________.

A

duck walk (toe out)

77
Q

The Brachial Plexus consists of nerves _______ of Ventral Rami.

A

C5 to T1

78
Q

The Lumbar Plexus consists of nerves _____ of Ventral Rami.

A

T12 to L4

79
Q

Nerves from the Lumbar Plexus supply the what?

A

lower abdomen and the anterior and medial portions of the lower extremity

80
Q

What is the largest and longest Femoral cutaneous branch?

A

Saphenous Nerve

81
Q

The Cervical Plexus consists of nerves ______ of Ventral Rami.

A

C1 to C4

82
Q

The Sacral Plexus consists of nerves ____ of Ventral Rami.

A

L4 to S2

83
Q

What does the Cervical Plexus innervate?

A

Muscles and skin of the neck and upper shoulder and partially innervates the diaphragm (C3 to C5)

84
Q

How many muscles are innervated by the Inferior Gluteal Nerve?

A

1

85
Q

How many muscles are innervated by the Superior Gluteal Nerve?

A

3

86
Q

How many muscles are innervated by the Tibial Nerve?

A

11

87
Q

How many muscles are innervated by the Obturator Nerve?

A

6

88
Q

How many muscles are innervated by the Femoral Nerve?

A

8

89
Q

How many muscles are innervated by Deep Fibular?

A

4

90
Q

How many muscles are innervated by the Superficial Fibular?

A

2

91
Q

How many muscles are innervated by the Nerve to Quadratis Femoris?

A

2

92
Q

How many muscles are innervated by the Nerve to Obturator Internus?

A

2

93
Q

How many muscles originate from the Os Coxa?

A

20

94
Q

How many muscles originate from the Femur?

A

7

95
Q

How many muscles originate from the Sacrum?

A

2

96
Q

How many muscles originate from the Tibia?

A

4

97
Q

How many muscles originate from the Fibula?

A

7

98
Q

How many muscles insert onto the Femur?

A

13

99
Q

How many muscles insert onto the Tibia?

A

10

100
Q

How many muscles insert onto the Fibula?

A

1

101
Q

How many muscles insert onto the Calcaneus?

A

3

Anatomy (12 decks)

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