Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the six functions of bones?
- Structure
- Assist Movement
- Protection
- Blood cell production
- Mineral Storage
- Energy Storage
Where are blood cells produced?
red bone marrow
What is the production of blood cells called?
Hemopoesis
What ions do bone tissue contain a large amount of?
Calcium and Phosphorous
How does bone maintain blood levels of Calcium and Phosphorous?
By adding or removing them from the blood stream and storing them in bone tissues
Where is energy stored in bone?
In fat cells or adipose tissue in the yellow bone marrow
What are the five classifications of bones?
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
What are examples of long bones?
Most bones of the appendicular skeleton (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, metacarpals, phalanges)
What are examples of short bones?
Carpals and Tarsals
What are examples of flat bones?
Parietal, Frontal, Occipital, Ribs, Sternum
What are examples of irregular bones?
Bones that don’t fit into other categories ( ethmoid, sphenoid, vertebrae, pelvic bones)
What are sesamoid bones?
Usually embedded in a tendon (Patella, Pisiform, Big Toe, Thumb)
What are the three parts of the gross anatomy of long bones?
- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis
- Metaphysis
What is the diaphysis?
Shaft of long bone
What is the epiphysis?
Two ends of long bone
What is the metaphysis?
Portion between the shaft and the wide parts of the ends, corresponds to the area of epiphyseal line in ossified bone
What is the central cavity of the Diaphysis?
Medullary Cavity
What does the Medullary Cavity contain?
Yellow bone marrow which is 96% fat
What is the Medullary Cavity lined with?
Connective tissue called endosteum
What is the outer compact bone of the diaphysis surrounded by?
Double protective layer called periosteum
What is the outer surface of the Epiphysis?
Cortical (compact or lamellar) Bone
What is the inner surface of the Epiphysis?
Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) Bone
What are the two layers of Periosteum?
- Inner reproductive layer (Stratum Osteogeneticum)
2. Outer fibrous layer (Stratum Fibrosum)
Periosteum covers all of the outer surface of long bones except …….?
the articular surface, points of ligament or tendon insertion, and the surface of the patella or other sesamoid bones
What are the three functions of the Periosteum?
- Nutrition
- Protection
- Growth
How does the Periosteum provide nutrition to the bone?
Via blood vessels which enter the bone through nutrient foramen which then connect to perforating and central canals
How does the Periosteum provide protection to bone?
through free nerve endings
How does the Periosteum function in the growth of the bone?
it is responsible for diametric (width) growth and critical for callus formation following a fracture (inner layer)
What part of bone are the articulating ends?
Epiphysis
What part of the Epiphysis is generally oriented along the major stress lines of the bone?
Spicules
What is the Epiphyseal Plate?
Hyaline cartilage plate in the Metaphysis at each end of long bone
What type of person contains an Epiphyseal Plate?
children and adolescents
What is the Epiphyseal Plate replaced with after an adult has stopped growing?
Epiphyseal Line
What is the Epiphyseal Plate responsible for?
Longitudinal growth
The Epiphyseal Plate usually closes after the ____th year.
25
What is the basic unit of structure of Compact Bone? What is it sometimes called?
- Osteon
- Haversian System
What do Osteons consist of?
central canals surrounded by concentric layers of bone (lamellae), which run parallel to the long axis of the bone and contain nerve, arterioles, and venules.
What are the five structures of an Osteon?
- Lamella : concentric ring
- Central (Haversian) Canal : runs through core
- Perforating Canals : connect central canals
- Lacuna: contain osteocytes
- Canaliculi
What are osteocytes?
mature bone cells
What are Canaliculi?
Tiny canals which interconnect Lacunae
What do the Canaliculi provide?
A pathway for nutrients to diffuse from the central canal to osteocytes within their own osteon
What are the two types of Osteocytes?
- Osteoblasts
2. Osteoclasts
What do Osteoblasts do?
build bone
What do Osteoclasts do?
remove bone
Lamellae of spongy bone are not arranged in _____ layers.
concentric
How are Lamellae arranged in spongy bone?
in lines that correspond with the lines of maximal stress
Spongy bone contains red bone marrow so it is responsible for ________.
Erythropoeisis
How many bones does the Axial skeleton have?
80
The skull is made up of __ or ___ bones. Why?
22, 29 because of the auditory ossicles and hyoid bone
How many vertebrae are there?
26
How many ribs are there?
24
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
What are Fontanels?
6 fibrous membranes that form soft spots of a babies skull
What is the purpose of Fontanels?
they allow the skull to deform during birth
What Fontanel is between the two parietal bones?
Anterior (Frontal)
What Fontanel is between the two parietal and occipital bones?
Posterior (Occipital)
What is the largest Fontanel and last to close? When does it close?
- Anterior (Frontal)
- 18 to 24 months
When does the Posterior (Occipital) Fontanel close?
2 months
When does the Anterolateral (Sphenoidal) Fontanel close?
3 months
When does the Posterolateral (Mastoid) Fontanel close?
12 months
What seven bones make up the Orbit of the eye?
- Sphenoid
- Lacrimal
- Zygomatic
- Frontal
- Maxilla
- Palatine
- Ethmoid
What is a normal angle of inclination for the femur?
125
What is the angle of inclination for coxa varum?
less than 120
What is the angle of inclination for coxa valgum?
greater than 135
What does Coxa Valgum cause?
distal segment of femur is further from midline
What does Coxa Varum cause?
distal segment of femur is closer to midline
Angle of inclination is seen from what plane?
Frontal
Angle of torsion is seen from what plane?
Transverse
What is the angle of torsion?
Head and neck of Femur rotate outward form shaft of Femur
What is a normal angle of torsion in adults?
15 degrees
What is Femoral Anteversion?
Torsion angle greater than 15 degrees
Femoral Anteversion is one possible cause of _______ and also cause _______.
- pidgeon toe
- winking Patella
What is Femoral Retroversion?
Torsion angle less than 15 degrees
Femoral Retroversion is one possible cause of ________.
duck walk (toe out)
The Brachial Plexus consists of nerves _______ of Ventral Rami.
C5 to T1
The Lumbar Plexus consists of nerves _____ of Ventral Rami.
T12 to L4
Nerves from the Lumbar Plexus supply the what?
lower abdomen and the anterior and medial portions of the lower extremity
What is the largest and longest Femoral cutaneous branch?
Saphenous Nerve
The Cervical Plexus consists of nerves ______ of Ventral Rami.
C1 to C4
The Sacral Plexus consists of nerves ____ of Ventral Rami.
L4 to S2
What does the Cervical Plexus innervate?
Muscles and skin of the neck and upper shoulder and partially innervates the diaphragm (C3 to C5)
How many muscles are innervated by the Inferior Gluteal Nerve?
1
How many muscles are innervated by the Superior Gluteal Nerve?
3
How many muscles are innervated by the Tibial Nerve?
11
How many muscles are innervated by the Obturator Nerve?
6
How many muscles are innervated by the Femoral Nerve?
8
How many muscles are innervated by Deep Fibular?
4
How many muscles are innervated by the Superficial Fibular?
2
How many muscles are innervated by the Nerve to Quadratis Femoris?
2
How many muscles are innervated by the Nerve to Obturator Internus?
2
How many muscles originate from the Os Coxa?
20
How many muscles originate from the Femur?
7
How many muscles originate from the Sacrum?
2
How many muscles originate from the Tibia?
4
How many muscles originate from the Fibula?
7
How many muscles insert onto the Femur?
13
How many muscles insert onto the Tibia?
10
How many muscles insert onto the Fibula?
1
How many muscles insert onto the Calcaneus?
3
