Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Comparative > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

weeks 1-3

1
Q

how many vertebrate species have been discovered?

A

70,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a vertebrate?

A

phylum Chordata subphylum vertebrata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of Chordata?

A

post anal tail for locomotion
dorsal hallow nerve cord (spinal) for communication
endostyle to produce mucus and trap food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the characteristics of vertebrata?

A

vertebrae and cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is special about the hagfish classification?

A

it used to be considered a craniate, now it is considered a vertebrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is systematics?

A

the study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what method is used to study systematics?

A

cladistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does cladistics do?

A

determines groups of organisms based on evolutionary history regardless of overall similarity/difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the objective of cladistics?

A

to create monophyletic groups based on shared derived characters not ancestral characters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a derived characteristic?

A

a characteristic that is newly evolved from the previous state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does monophyletic mean?

A

an ancestor and all of its descendants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does cladistic grouping work?

A

no taxonomic group names (no classes or families), old groups not recognized because of new monophyletic groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a paraphyletic group?

A

a group with a common ancestor but some descendants are excluded (NOT RECOGNIZED AS VALID)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a sister group?

A

a group of organisms most closely related to another group (share the same branch of evolutionary tree)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 chordate groups?

A

cephalochordata, urochordata, olfactores, vertebrata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many species of cephalopchordata are there?

A

~25 species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are cephalochordates?

A

marine filter feeders, lancelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does dioecious mean?

A

separate sexes [cephalochordata]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the general traits of cephalochordata?

A
  1. muscle blocks separated by connective tissue (myomeres)
  2. simple brain
  3. caudal fin
  4. cyrtopodocytes
  5. ventral to dorsal blood flow through pharyngeal bars
  6. digestive system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are cyrtopodocytes?

A

excretory cells in the pharynx attached to capillaries, transfers wastes to the atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is excretion?

A

the removal of metabolic waste from blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

a network of capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does ventral to dorsal blood flow through the pharyngeal bars work in cephalochordata?

A

gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion, and the ventral aorta and bulbilli do most of the pumping since they have no hearts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do lancelets lack?

A

gill tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the order of a cephalochordata digestive system?

A

food -> pharyngeal bars -> endostyle -> gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where does most digestion occur in cephalochordata?

A

both intra and extracellular digestions occurs in the cecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is egestion?

A

the removal of undigested food waste via the anus [cephalochordata do this as well]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does water move through a cephalochordata?

A

water -> pharyngeal slits -> atrium -> atriopore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the derived characteristics of olfactores?

A

molecular similarities, presence of neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A

cells that originate from the developing nerve cord and form other nervous system structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How many species are urochordata?

A

~3,000 species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are urochordata?

A

marine filter feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the derived character of urochordata?

A

the tunic: a protective covering made of cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the general traits of tunicate adults?

A

mostly sessile (sedentary), lack some chordate characters, monoecious, heart that pumps in 2 directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does monoecious mean?

A

no separate sexes [in tunicates have both testes and ovaries]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the general traits of tunicate larvae?

A

free swimming, all 4 chordate characters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

why do tunicates have a larvae stage if its so short?

A

it is important for dispersal since tunicate adults are sedentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How many species are vertebrata?

A

~70,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the derived characters of vertebrata?

A

cranium
vertebrae
3-part brain
neurogenic placodes
muscular pharynx and gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the general traits of vertebrata?

A

duplication of Hox genes
inner ear: semicircular canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

[vertebrata] what are the 3 parts of the brain and why are there 3 parts?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
higher motor control and processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

[vertebrata] what are neurogenic placodes?

A

cell clusters that give rise to sensory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

[vertebrata] what do the muscular pharynx and gut do?

A

support the gill arches, and gill filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

[vertebrata] what are the benefits of a muscular pharynx?

A

more control/ more efficient
pumps H2O through gills to improve efficiency of gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

[vertebrata] what are the benefits of a muscular gut?

A

improve digestive efficiency, move food faster through the gut via peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what do Hox genes do?

A

they regulate genes that control embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

improve balance and equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Fill in blanks A/I on chordata evolutionary tree

A

A: chordata
I: postanal tail, notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Fill in blank B on chordata evolutionary tree

A

B: cephalochordata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Fill in blank C/F on chordata evolutionary tree

A

C: urochordata
F: tunic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Fill in blanks D/H on chordata evolutionary tree

A

D: olfactores
H: neural crest cells, DNA similarities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Fill in blanks G/E on chordata evolutionary tree

A

G: 3 part brain, neurogenic placodes
E: vertebrata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are “agnathans” and why is it quotes?

A

quotes because it is not a monophyletic group, it is instead based on shared ancestral characters and due to traits they lack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What ancestral characters do “agnathans” have?

A

gametes released into coelom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what traits do “agnathans” lack?

A

lack jaws and paired fins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What groups make up “agnatha”?

A

cyclostomes, “ostracoderms”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are the subcategories of cyclostomes?

A

myxiniformes, petromyzontiformes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are myxiniformes?

A

Hagfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what are petromyzontiformes?

A

lamprey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

how many species of myxiniformes?

A

~75 species (all marine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

where do myxiniformes live/what do they do?

A

benthic deep water, burrow into sediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what are the derived characters of myxiniformes?

A

slime glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

[myxiniformes] what do slime glands do, why do they do it, and how many are there?

A

secrete massive amounts of mucus
to deter predators
200 along body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what are the general traits of myxiniformes?

A

vertebrae called arcualia
many gill pouches (1-15 pairs of gill openings)
1 pair of semicircular canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

How do gill pouches work?

A

drain through internal ducts to an external gill slit (one on each side of body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

How many external gill slits do hagfish have?

A

most common species have only 1 pair of external gill slits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

how many species are there of petromyzontiformes?

A

~40 (6 found in PA)(marine and freshwater)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what is special about the sea lamprey?

A

it is andromous, meaning adults are marine and return to freshwater rivers to breed, then die after breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the derived characters of petromyzontiformes?

A

round mouth with buccal funnel
7 pairs of gill pouches (all open to outside)
tidal ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is tidal ventilation in petromyzontiformes?

A

H2O goes in/out gill openings, very inefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

why do lampreys use tidal ventilation even though it is inefficient?

A

they are parasites, using buccal funnel to attach to their hosts. using tidal ventilation allows them to feed and respire at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the general traits of petromyzontiformes?

A

vertebrae: arcualia with dorsal elements
well developed eyes
2 dorsal fins
2 pairs semicircular canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are petromyzontiformes diet?

A

they are parasites, feeding on fish
using their buccal funnel and tongue, with keratinized “teeth”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

how many species of “ostracoderms” are there?

A

none, they are extinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what was the approximate size of ostracoderms?

A

<50cm in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are the derived characters of “ostracoderms”

A

dermal bone plates
paired fins (both pelvic and pectoral)
paired nostrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Why are jaws important?

A

attack and catch prey
processing food
defense
building nests
mating (grasp mates or courtship displays)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What are the types of gnathostomata?

A

placoderms, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what are the derived characters of placoderms?

A

jaws
paired pelvic fins
3 pairs of semicircular canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what are chondrichthyes?

A

cartilaginous fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what are the derived characters of chondrichthyes?

A

placoid scales
pelvic claspers in males (for internal fertilization)
specialized calcification of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

label all missing parts of the “agnathans” evolutionary tree (D is above C)

A

A: vertebrata
B: cyclostomes (1 nostril, velum)
C: slime glands
D: myxiniformes
E: buccal funnel, tidal ventilation
F: petromyzontiformes
G:paired nostrils, dermal bones
H: “ostracaderms”
I: gnathostomata (jawed fish)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what are the general characters of chondrichthyes?

A

cartilaginous skeleton (mineralization secondarily lost)
increased buoyancy
jaws and vertebrae calcified
series of replacement teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what are the two subdivisions of chondrichthyes?

A

holocephali and elasmobranchii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what is the common name for holocephali?

A

ratfishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

how many species of holocephali?

A

~50 species all marine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

what are the derived characters of holocephali?

A

1 pair of gill openings (covered by fleshy operculum)
palatoquadrate fused to cranium
holostylic jaw suspension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what are the common names of elasmobranchii?

A

sharks, skates, rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what are the derived characters of elasmobranchii?

A

separate, uncovered gill openings
hyostylic jaw suspension
only anterior palatoquadrate attached to cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

how many species of elasmobranchii?

A

~1250, mostly marine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what’s special about elasmobranchii?

A

of the carnivores: eat vertebrates and invertebrates
largest filter feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

what are the derived characters of osteichthyes?

A

swim bladder to adjust buoyancy and maintain position in water column while swimming
dermal rays in fins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

what are osteichthyes?

A

bony fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

what are the two subcategories of osteichthyes?

A

actinopterygii, sacropterygii

95
Q

how many species of actinopterygii?

A

> 34,000 all aquatic

96
Q

what is the common name of actinopterygii?

A

ray-finned fishes

97
Q

what are the derived characters of actinopterygii?

A

multiple radial bones support fins
forebrain develops by folding outward

98
Q

what is the common name of sarcopterygii?

A

lobe-finned fishes

99
Q

how many species of sarcopterygii?

A

~8 species mostly freshwater

100
Q

what are two examples of sarcopterygii?

A

lungfishes- breathe air
coelocanth- marine

101
Q

what are the derived characters of sarcopterygii?

A

muscular lobes at fin base
single series of bones supporting fins

102
Q

label the evolutionary tree of gnathostomata

A

A: gnathostomata (3 pairs semicircular canals, jaws, paired pelvic fins)
B: placoderms +
C: holocephali
D: fused palatoquadrate to cranium
E: condrichthyes (placoid scales, pelvic claspers)
F: palatoquadrate anterior attachment to cranium
G: elasmobranchii
H: actinopterygii
I: forebrain folds outward
J: muscular lobe
K: sarcopterygii
L: osteichthyes (swim bladder, dermal rays)

103
Q

what are the derived characters of tetrapoda?

A

4 limbs with digits

104
Q

how many species of amphibia are there?

105
Q

what does amphibia mean?

A

double life

106
Q

how are amphibia aquatic/semi aquatic?

A

need H2O for reproduction and respiration, for reproductions because need to prevent eggs from drying out

107
Q

what are the groups within amphibia?

A

caecilians, salamanders, frogs/toads

108
Q

what are the derived characters of amphibians?

A

pedicellate teeth (tooth joint, flexible, aids in handling prey), thin skin, mucous glands (moist skin for respiration

109
Q

what are the derived characters of aves?

A

feathers, hollow bones, air sacs

110
Q

why are air sacs special?

A

most efficient respiratory system of terrestrial vertebrates

111
Q

what is integument?

A

the interface between internal and external, covering all surfaces even eyes (conjunctiva)

112
Q

what are the 2 layers of integument?

A

epidermis and dermis

113
Q

what is the epidermis?

A

multilayered level of integument containing glands and having continuous cell division

114
Q

why does the epidermis have continuous cell division?

A

to repair wounds and replace dead cells that shed

115
Q

what is the dermis?

A

layers of connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves, layer that attaches to body wall musculature

116
Q

what epidermis layers are nonliving coverings?

A

mucus cuticle and stratum corneum

117
Q

what is the mucus cuticle?

A

a thin coat of mucus continually secreted for moisture, antibacterial properties and defense

118
Q

what is the stratum corneum?

A

layer of dead cornified cells (become infused with keratin and die) that is waterproof and in terrestrial vertebrates prevents desiccation

119
Q

what is contained in the epidermis of aquatic vertebrates?

A

mucus glands, granular glands (can also make mucus, or chemicals to repel predators), keratin

120
Q

what aquatic vertebrates have keratin and where?

A

cyclostomes and tadpoles
cornified spines “teeth”

121
Q

what glands do tetrapods have?

A

mucus (absent from mot but amphibians have), granular

122
Q

what do granular glands do in amphibians?

A

secrete toxins, release pheromones

123
Q

what are pheromones?

A

chemicals released into the environment that affect the physiology of other individuals for mate attraction

124
Q

why do certain animals have warning colors?

A

to advertise their unpalatability to predators (aposematic coloration)

125
Q

why are the avian glands?

A

uropygial gland

126
Q

what does the uropygial gland do?

A

secretes oil for feather conditioning (prominent in waterfowl due to waterproofing ability)

127
Q

what glands do mammals have?

A

sebaceous, ceruminous, sudoriferous, scent, mammary

128
Q

what are sebaceous glands?

A

glands that open into the hair follicle and produce sebum, an oily conditioner

129
Q

what are ceruminous glands?

A

glands that produce cerumen (ear wax) in the outer ear canal, work with hairs in ear canal to capture particles that could damage ear drum

130
Q

what are sudoriferous glands?

A

sweat glands that produce watery secretions for the functions of thermoregulatory cooling (via evaporative cooling)

131
Q

where are sudoriferous glands located?

A

varies between different mammals
rabbits=lips, monkeys=palms etc

132
Q

what are scent glands?

A

modified sebaceous and sudoriferous glands that produce pheromones and defense chemicals

133
Q

what are mammary glands?

A

compound alveolar glands that produce milk high in lipids, number is related to general number of offspring a species produces at one time

134
Q

What stratum corneum derivatives do tetrapods have?

A

epidermal scales, claws/nails/hooves, feathers, hair, horns

135
Q

what kind of epidermal scales do squamates have and what do thy do?

A

thickening of stratum corneum (2 layers) that overlap with joints to serve as protection from abrasion

136
Q

what kind of epidermal scale do turtles have?

A

turtles have scutes, which are nonoverlapping scales of stratum corneum that shed/continually wear over time.

137
Q

what is a turtles dorsal and ventral shell called?

A

dorsal: carapace
ventral: plastron

138
Q

do birds have epidermal scales?

A

Yes! birds have localized epidermal scales covering their feet

139
Q

what mammals have epidermal scales?

A

armadillo, pangolin, beaver (tails)

140
Q

what animals have claws?

A

first appeared in amniotes, now mainly cats and squamates

141
Q

what animals have nails?

A

humans and primates

142
Q

what animals have hooves?

A

many mammals, known as ungulates

143
Q

what is similar about nails and hooves?

A

continually grow and wear over time

144
Q

describe the structure of feathers

A

rachis=shaft
calamus= quill
vane= made of barbs

145
Q

what does plumaceous mean?

A

loosely organized barbs

146
Q

what does pennaceous mean?

A

barbs tightly knit together into a broad surface

147
Q

what are the five types of feather?

A

contour, bristle, filoplume, down, semiplume

148
Q

what is a contour feather?

A

2 types:
body: streamlined shape
flight: strong flat surface to generate lift and thrust

149
Q

what is a bristle feather?

A

tactile receptor for foraging (like whiskers)

150
Q

what is a filoplume?

A

air receptor around wings to help pick up windspeed and direction

151
Q

what are down feathers?

A

for insulation

152
Q

what are semiplumes?

A

for both insulation and streamlined shape, used in mating behavior

153
Q

what are pterylae?

A

feather tracts

154
Q

what are apteria?

A

areas without feathers on a birds skin to improve flexibility and provide places for heat loss
PENGUINS ARE EXCEPTION: NO APTERIA

155
Q

what is pelage?

A

dense covering of hair

156
Q

what is guard hair?

A

hair that protects against wear and creates color patterns

157
Q

what is underhair?

A

tightly packed hairs for insulation

158
Q

what is the arrector pilli?

A

smooth muscles attached to hair follicles that adjust hair position to make it better for insulation (increase ability to trap air, makes goosebumps in people)

159
Q

what are the types of horns?

A

bovine, pronghorn, hair

160
Q

what are bovine horns?

A

sheath of keratin covering dermal bone that never sheds

161
Q

what are pronghorns?

A

branched horns with shealths that shed

162
Q

what are hair horns?

A

mass of keratin fibers that never shed and sit on the nasal bone

163
Q

what are antlers?

A

structures made of dermal bone that grow underneath a velvet integument which comes from epidermis and dermis. they are shed and replaced annually, and usually found in males and used to compete for mates

164
Q

what are ossicones?

A

protrusion on giraffes and okapis that have a bone core that develops separate from the skull and are covered in skin, and never shed

165
Q

what are chromatophores?

A

pigment cells

166
Q

what is the dermis?

A

a thick matrix of collagen fibers with proteins for support and protection and mineral depositions that assist in bone production

167
Q

what do ostracoderms and placoderms have in terms of dermis?

A

plates of primative dermal bone composed of 4 layers (compact, spongy, dentin, enamel) as well as denticles (projections of dentin and enamel, scale like in appearance)

168
Q

what are the types of scales?

A

placoid, cosmoid, ganoid. elasmoid (cycloid and ctenoid)

169
Q

what are placoid scales?

A

scales consisting of a bony plate and a spine (spine is a denticle made of dentin covered by enameloid), these give rise to teeth in gnathostomes

170
Q

what are cosmoid scales?

A

cosmine layer under the enamel, occur in the extinct sarcopterygii

171
Q

what are ganoid scales?

A

scales that lack dentin, occur in primitive actinopterygii (gar)

172
Q

what do cosmoid and ganoid scales have in common?

A

both types have spongy (vascular) and compact (lamellar) bone

173
Q

what are elasmoid scales?

A

scales with thin layers of compact bone (very flexible)

174
Q

what is the difference between cycloid and ctenoid scales?

A

cycloid: round pattern, smooth
ctenoid: “teeth”, rough, comb like border (sarcopterygii and actinopterygii)

175
Q

what type of dermal bone do tetrapods have?

A

compact bone only

176
Q

which tetrapods have dermal bone?

A

osteoderms: small bony scales
caecilians
crocodiles

177
Q

what kind of dermal bone do turtles have?

A

dermal plates under the scutes, fuse to ribs and vertebrae EXCEPT LEATHERBACK SEA TURTLES AND SOFT SHELL TURTLES

178
Q

what are other dermal bones we discussed?

A

birds: mostly absent
mammals: rare except armadillos have dermal armor

179
Q

what is the skeleton made of?

A

mineralized tissue (cartilage and bone), bundles of collagen fibers (tendons, ligaments)

180
Q

what do tendons and ligaments do?

A

connects muscle to bone
connects bone to bone

181
Q

what are the categories of bone?

A

membrane and endochondral

182
Q

what is membrane bone?

A

bone that forms from membranous sheets of mesenchyme (undifferentiated tissue), dermal bone when made in the dermis

183
Q

what is endochondral bone?

A

bone produced only with cartilage precursors

184
Q

what are the 3 growth areas in bones?

A

middle of shaft (short lived)
epiphyseal plates: one at each end (growth plates)

185
Q

how do growth plates work?

A

cartilage is first produced and then ossifies
in bird and mammals the plates ossify at maturity (determinate growth)

186
Q

what is indeterminate growth?

A

most vertebrate growth is continuous throughout life

187
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

vertebral column
ribs and sterna
skull

188
Q

what are vertebrae composed of?

A

centrum
neural arch (contains spinal cord)
apophyses (processes)
hemal arch (tail in fish, contains caudal artery and vein)

189
Q

what in amniotes is homologous to hemal arch in fish?

A

chevron bone in caudal vertebrae

190
Q

what are zygapophyses?

A

paired arterial facets where vertebrae lock together which limits dorsoventral flexion

191
Q

what is the vertebral column in “agnathans”?

192
Q

what is the vertebral column in jawed fish?

A

has little specialization apart from dorsals (trunk) and caudals (tail) mainly to allow for lateral movements

193
Q

why do amphibia need water for respiration?

A

gas diffuses in/out of water into blood

194
Q

what are the derived characters of amniota?

A

amniotic egg (yolk sac and 3 new extraembryonic membranes)

195
Q

what is the yolk sac for?

A

ancestral trait meant to store nutrents

196
Q

what are amnion (and chorion)?

A

fluid filled sacs to prevent desiccations and protect against shocks

197
Q

what does the amnion/chorion fuse to and why?

A

the allantois (stores waste) allowing the embryo to develop out of water and grow larger/ become highly vascularized for gas exchange

198
Q

what does amniote systematics entail?

A

the skull and temporal fenestra (opening in skull in temporal region)

199
Q

what are the 3 types of amniotes (in regards to fenestra?

A

anapsid (no fenestra), synapsid (1 fenestra) diapsid (2 fenestra)

200
Q

what is the function of temporal fenestra?

A

increase surface area for jaw muscle attachment
more room for larger jaw
allows different orientation of jaw muscles to improve jaw action

201
Q

what falls under synapsida and how many species?

A

mammalia, ~5500

202
Q

what are the derived characters of synapsida mammalia?

A

synapsid skull, hair, mammary glands, endothermic (regulate body temp through metabolism)

203
Q

what are sauropsida and what are the derived characters?

A

“reptiles” and birds
beta keratin in skin
uric acid

204
Q

What are the types of amniotes?

A

synapsida, mammalia, sauropsida, diapsida, testudinia, squamata, lepidosauria, archiosauria, crocodilia, aves

205
Q

how many species of squamata and what are the derived characters?

A

~11,000 species (HIGHEST DIVERSITY)
hemipenes, paired male copulatory organs, sperm groom, some secondary lost limbs, swallow prey larger than mouth

206
Q

what are diapsida and what are the derived characters?

A

lizards and birds
diapsid skull

207
Q

what are the derived characters of lepidosauria?

A

overlapping scales of keratin
transverse cloaca

208
Q

What are testudinia, how many species and what are the derived characters?

A

turtles
~350
loss of diapsid skull (anapsid)
shell of keratin and bone

209
Q

what are the derived characters of archosauria and what are archosauria?

A

crocodilia and aves
antorbita fenestra
triangular orbit shape

210
Q

how many crocodilia species and what are the derived characters?

A

24
complete secondary palate so they can breathe with prey in their mouth
also drowns prey

211
Q

What does the fish vertebral column look like in elasmobranchii?

A

Notochord present
Amphicelous centra (concave at both ends) limiting flexibility
Elastic ligament that connects the neural arches (and limits dorsoventral movement)

212
Q

What does the fish vert column look like in actinopterygii?

A

Ossified(endochondral bone) with an Amphicelous center and supraneural bones that fuse to vertebrae and support the dorsal fin muscles

213
Q

What are the different types of tetrapod vertebrae?

A

Amphicelous
Opisthocelous
Procelous
Acelous

214
Q

what are amphicelous vertebrae and what tetrapods have them?

A

concave at both ends
some early amphibians and squamata

215
Q

what are opisthocelous vertebrae and what tetrapods have them?

A

concave posterior
salamanders

216
Q

what are procelous vertebrae and what tetrapods have them?

A

concave anterior
frogs/toads and most sauropsids

217
Q

what are acetous vertebrae and what tetrapods have them?

A

not concave, with an intervertebral disk between vertebrae (for distributing weight and pressure evenly)
mammals

218
Q

what are the regions of tetrapod vertebral column

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

219
Q

why is tetrapod vertebrae different?

A

it has to support greater mass, increased flexibility for locomotion

220
Q

what tetrapod vertebrae trends are there

A

most tetrapods only have ribs in the thoracic region
sacral vertebrae support the pelvic girdle

221
Q

what is the exception to the general tetrapod vertebrae?

A

snakes and caecilians
(snakes: most vertebrae have ribs, largest number of vertebrae)

222
Q

what is the function of snake vertebrae?

A

so many ribs to support trunk muscles, lots of flexibility for locomotion and to kill prey by constriction

223
Q

what are the parts of snake vertebrae?

A

atlas and axis
pre caudal/thoracic (ones with ribs)
causals (no ribs)

224
Q

egg eating snake has what

A

specialized ventral hypapophyses to crack eggs

225
Q

how many cervical vertebrae do amphibians have

A

1
lacks processes
only allows head nodding motion

226
Q

how many cervical vertebrae do amniotes have?

A

several with 2 highly modified (atlas and axis)
allows for considerable head mobility- flexible head to search for prey and watch for predators

227
Q

how many cervical vertebrae do birds have?

A

the most- 12+
heterocelous: saddle shaped
allows for highest mobility

228
Q

how many sacral vertebrae do the amphibians, sauropsids and mammals have

229
Q

what is it called when the sacral vertebrae fuse into one structure and why is it beneficial?

A

sacrum
added strength

230
Q

what is the synsacrum?

A

the fusion of vertebrae to the pelvic girdle in birds
large fused bone structure from thoracic to caudal to help with flight and bipedal locomotion

231
Q

what are caudal vertebrae?

A

numerous and reduced process vertebrae located in a tail that allows for more flexibility

232
Q

what does the caudal vertebrae look like in frogs/toads?

A

fused into what is called a urostyle which braces the pelvic girdle for jumping

233
Q

what does the caudal vertebrae look like in squamates

A

made up of fracture planes (weak spots in centra) which allows for self amputation of tail as a distraction from predators which can then regenerate with cartilage

234
Q

what does the caudal vertebrae look like in birds?

A

fused last causals called the prostyle which supports the tail

Comparative (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions