lecture exam 1 Flashcards
how is rust formed? what is it also called?
compound formed when iron is exposed to oxygen and water over time, causes metal to break down and become weak; also called iron oxide
what is stainless steel composed of?
chromium and nickel
what is tungsten carbide? how do we identify it? why do we use it?
strong, durable metal; gold colored handles; can be replaced when worn out
when do we want to clean instruments?
prior to autoclaving to remove debris
list 3 things we want to check to inspect instruments for damage
alignment of jaws
stiffness/looseness of box lock
sharpness/dullness of blades
what can be used to lubricate instruments and protect them from rust before autoclaving?
surgical milk
Clean
the physical removal of organic or inorganic soils and microbial contaminants
Sanitize
removal of infectious material and pathogens
Contamination
process by which something is rendered unclean or unsterile
Asepsis
absence of pathogenic organisms
Sterile
absence of all living microorganisms including spores
Disinfectant
substance that inhibits or prevents the growth of microbes on an inanimate object
Antiseptic
substance that inhibits or prevents the growth of microbes on living tissue
Bacteriostatic
agents that prevents the growth of bacteria
Bactericidal
substance that destroys or kills bacteria
list 3 factors that impact the control of contamination
time
temperature
concentration and preparation
what are the 7 methods of sterilization? (know how each works)
- autoclaving
- flashing
- boiling
- dry heat
- gas
- radiation
- cold disinfecting
what 3 factors does an autoclave use to sterilize?
heat
steam
pressure
3 examples of antiseptics
alcohol
chlorohexidine
idophors
3 examples of disinfectants
alcohol
decon quat
roccal d
what is the difference between aseptic and sterile?
sterile is the absence of all living microorganisms and spores, not just pathogens
what are 3 advantages to avagard?
quicker
not as harmful to the skin
easier (brushless and waterless)
to anesthetize an animal, the _______ must be anesthetized
brain
General anesthesia
a reversible state of unconsciousness, immobility, muscle relaxation, loss of sensation throughout the entire body
Topical anesthesia
loss of sensation of a localized area by administration of a local anesthetic applied directly to the body surface or wound
Local anesthesia
loss of sensation in a small area of the body by the administration of a local anesthetic agent
Regional anesthesia
loss of sensation in a limited area of the body by administration of a local anesthetic agent in close proximity to sensory nerves
Pre medication
administration of medications and anesthetic agents to calm and prepare the patient for anesthetic induction
Anesthetic induction
process by which an animal loses consciousness and enters surgical anesthesia
Anesthetic maintenance
the process of keeping a patient unconscious/under general anesthesia
name 3 reasons we perform anesthesia
surgery
restraint
pain control
what are 3 roles of a cvt during anesthesia
- anesthetic control
- operate and maintain anesthetic equipment
- patient monitoring
where is the central respiratory system located?
medulla oblongata
what is the equation to calculate the
rebreathing bag size?
tidal volume x 6
what is the equation to calculate oxygen flow rate at maintenance and
induction?
maintenance: kg x 30 mL/kg/hr
induction: kg x 100 mL/kg/hr
name the 3 main body systems effected by anesthesia
CNS
pulmonary
cardiovascular
what causes an animal to inhale?
when there is an increase in levels of CO2
mechanical dead space?
endotracheal tube, Y piece (machine)
anatomical dead space?
conducting passageways (trachea, bronchi)
what is 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of an active scavenger system?
efficient; expensive
what is 1 advantage and 1
disadvantage of a passive scavenger?
portable and cheaper; less efficient
how do we control the amount of inhalant gas that goes to the patient?
the vaporizer
saturated vapor pressure
- Measures how likely the inhalant is to vaporize in the oxygen
- Increased SVP = less amount of inhalant
minimum alveolar concentration?
does mac increase or decrease with
age?
MAC = Vapor concentration in alveoli to prevent motor response to surgical stimulus in 50% of patients; decreases with age
what is the blood:gas coefficient? is a lower blood:gas coefficient more or less soluble in the blood? is a lower blood:gas coeffient associated with a quicker or slower induction and recovery?
gas partition coefficient quantifies solubility; less soluble; quicker induction and recovery
what is the highest concentration of anesthetic gas when at the beginning of an anesthetic event? what about the end of an anesthetic event?
highest is in the machine (y-piece) in the beginning; highest in the brain during recovery
name 2 advantages of isoflurane and 2 advantages of sevoflurane
most common and more cost efficient; faster induction and faster recovery
normals:
* HR
* RR
* Blood Pressure
* SPO2
* EtCO2
* CRT
* MM color
HR: 60-120; 120-180 bpm
RR: 8-20 rpm
blood pressure: 100-150 mmHg
60-100 mmHg
40-60 mmHg
SPO2: 95-100%
EtCO2: 35-45 mmHg
CRT: 1-2 seconds
MM: pink
what stage and plane of anesthesia is optimal? how are the eyes positioned during this plane? how are the eyes positioned if the animal is too light or too deep?
stage 3 plane 2; rolled ventrally; too light is central/slightly downward; too deep is central with large pupils since muscle tone is lost
Pre-meds
- Atropine
- Butorphanol
- Dexmedetomidine
Induction Drugs
- Ketamine
- Midazolam
- Propofol
Reversals
- Atipamezole
- Naloxone
Other
- Epinephrine
- Lidocaine
- Doxapram
which drugs that we will use are controlled?
hydromorphone
buprenorphine
ketamine
diazepam
midazolam
butorphanol
how many schedules of controlled substances are there
5
which drugs can be/are commonly mixed together?
Dexmedetomidine and butorphanol
Midazolam and ketamine
which drugs that we use can be reversed and what is the name of the reversals?
- Atipamezole reverses Dexmedetomidine
- naloxone reverses opioids
Tachycardia
fast heart rate
Bradycardia
slow heart rate
Hypertension
high blood pressure
Hypotension
low blood pressure
Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
Apnea
repeatedly stoping and starting your breathing (while sleeping)
Respiratory arrest
cessation of breathing; stopped breathing for a long period of tine
Tachypnea
rapid breathing
Bradynea
slow breathing
Cyanosis
lack of oxygen in the blood
Pulse deficit
there isn’t a pulse beat for every heart beat
Cardiac arrest
the heart stops beating suddenly
isoflurane
inhalant
Sevoflurane
inhalant
Desflurane
inhalant
Nitrous Oxide – N2O
inhalant
Atropine
administration: injectable
category: anticholinergic
mechanism of action: Blocks the receptors for acetylcholine and Inhibits the vagal nerve
Butorphanol
administration: IV or IM
category: opioid tranquilizer
mechanism of action: Mixed agonist-antagonist
Dexmedetomidine
administration: IM or IV
category: Alpha-2 agonist
mechanism of action: Decreases the production of norepinephrine
Benzodiazepine
administration: IM or IV
category: tranquilizer
mechanism of action: Potentiate the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Midazolam
administration: IV
category: Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
mechanism of action: Depress the CNS by increasing GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter)
Diazepam
administration: IV
category: Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
mechanism of action: Depress the CNS by increasing GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter)
Ketamine
administration: IV
category: Dissociative general anesthetic
mechanism of action: Causes disruption of nerve transmission of some parts and stimulates other parts. Animal feels disoriented (apart) from body
Propofol
administration: IV slowly
category: Hypnotic Induction agent
mechanism of action: Enhances the action of GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter
Lidocaine
administration: IV
category: Local anesthetic
mechanism of action: Prevents transmission of nerve impulses
Atipamezole
administration: Give IM (occasionally IV in emergency)
category: Alpha 2 Antagonist
mechanism of action: Displaces the agonist (dexmedetomidine)
Naloxone
administration: IM or IV
category: Opioid antagonist
mechanism of action: Pure mu (μ) antagonist. Has a higher affinity for mu receptor than mu agonists
Epinephrine
administration: IV or ET tube
category: Adrenergic Catecholamine, Sympathomimetic
mechanism of action: Acts on a1, β1, β2 receptors
Doxapram
administration: sublingually
category: Analeptics
mechanism of action: Stimulates respiratory center
Glycopyrrolate
administation: IM or IV
category: Anticholinergic
mechanism of action: Similar to atropine except it is less likely to cause CNS effects because it does not cross the blood-brain barrier also less likely to cause arrythmia
