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Introduction to Neuroscience > Lecture: Drugs > Flashcards

Lecture: Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is another term for antipsychotics?

A

Neuroleptics

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2
Q

How are drugs grouped into classes?

A

By how they treat people

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3
Q

What are antipsychotic drugs used to treat?

A

Schizophrenia and aggressive behavior

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4
Q

How do typical neuroleptics work?

A

dopamine (D2) antagonists

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5
Q

Why might antipsychotics be given to children?

A

Treat aggressive behavior

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6
Q

What were the first attempt at antidepressant drugs

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

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7
Q

What does MAOIs stand for?

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

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8
Q

How to MAOIs work?

A

Prevent breakdown of monoamines at the synapse

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9
Q

What is the major action of antidepressants?

A

Accumulation of monoamines

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10
Q

What were the downsides of MAOIs?

A

Not selective enough
Increases adrenalin and blood pressure > fatal

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11
Q

__% of people are diagnosed with depression at some time in their lives

A

19

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12
Q

What are the two modern classes of antidepressants?

A

Tricyclics
SSRIs

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13
Q

Examples of SSRIs

A

Prozac
Zoloft

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14
Q

What is the older modern class of antidepressants?

A

Tricyclics

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15
Q

How do tricyclics work?

A

Block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into presynaptic axon terminals

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16
Q

How do SSRIs work?

A

Cause serotonin to accumulate in synapses

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17
Q

SSRIs have _____ side effects than tricyclics

A

Fewer

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18
Q

What is the most common class of antidepressants?

A

SSRIs

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19
Q

Do SNRIs (Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) exist as well?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What does SSRIs stand for?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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21
Q

Synonyms for anxiolytics

A

Anti-anxiety drugs
Tranquilizers

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22
Q

What is the main molecule for the treatment of anxiety?

A

GABA

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23
Q

What was the first attempt to treat anxiety?

A

Barbiturates

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24
Q

What was the problem with barbiturates?

A

Addictive and fatal withdrawal

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25
Q

What do Benzodiazepines treat?

A

Anxiety

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26
Q

How do Benzodiazepines work?

A

Agonists on GABAa receptors, causing influx of Cl-

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27
Q

What does Allopregnanolone treat?

A

Anxiety

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28
Q

Allopregnanolone is a type of:

A

Endogenous benzodiazepine

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29
Q

What is a synonym for endogenous bezodiazepines?

A

Endozepine

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30
Q

What does Diazepam-binding inhibitor treat?

A

Anxiety

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31
Q

What is unique about Diazepam-binding inhibitors

A

Astrocytes release them

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32
Q

What is Diazepam the same as?

A

Valium

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33
Q

Barbiturates are _____

A

Depressing

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34
Q

What are the two methods barbiturates use to facilitate their functions?

A

Block sodium channels
Increase flow of chloride ions

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35
Q

What is the current main medical use for barbiturates?

A

Anesthesia
Epilsepsy

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36
Q

In low doses, alcohol is a _____

A

Stimulant

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37
Q

How does alcohol stimulate in low doses?

A

Turns off cortical inhibition
Reduces social constraints/anxiety

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38
Q

In high doses, alcohol is a _____

A

sedative

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39
Q

Alcohol has a ___-_____ response curve

A

Non-linear

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40
Q

What does alcohol do to brain metabolism?

A

Turns it down

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41
Q

Alcohol’s effects are _____

A

biphasic

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42
Q

Alcohol affects _____ neurotransmitters at _____ times

A

Different
Different

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43
Q

What are the psychoactive compounds in alcohol?

A

Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
acetate

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44
Q

What neurotransmitter is the most sensitive to alcohol?

45
Q

Alcohol inhibits _____ at low doses

46
Q

Alcohol acts at the _____ receptor to _____ the binding of _____

A

GABAa
Increase
GABA

47
Q

What pleasurable neurotransmitters are stimulated by alcohol?

A

dopamine
opiate
serotonin
cannabinoid

48
Q

Seizures during alcohol withdrawal are due in part to _____ _____ in glutamate receptors over time

A

Compensatory increase

49
Q

What is the distribution between NMDA receptors and GABA receptors in someone who has not drank alcohol?

A

They are balanced

50
Q

What happens the the distribution between NMDA and GABA receptors during acute ethanol use

A

GABA receptors increase

51
Q

What happens to the distribution between NMDA and GABA receptors during chronic ethanol use

A

NMDA receptors increase the balance them out

52
Q

What happens to the distribution between NMDA and GABA receptors during ethanol withdrawal?

A

way too much glutamate but not enough GABA, leads to seizures

53
Q

Drinking (grows/shrinks) your brain

54
Q

What brain areas does alcohol damage?

A

Cerebellum
Frontal lobe

55
Q

Can neurons and glia recover from alcohol damage?

56
Q

Opiates are _____ pain drugs

57
Q

Best pain drug ever invented

58
Q

Why do people take opiates?

A

They make them feel good

59
Q

What is the cause of death when one overdoses on opiates?

A

Respiratory suppression

60
Q

How do opiates depress breathing?

A

Changing neurochemical activity in the brain system

61
Q

How do opiates increase feelings of pleasure?

A

changing the limbic system

62
Q

How do opiates reduce pain?

A

Block pain messages transmitted through the spinal cord from the body

63
Q

Opium contains _____

64
Q

Morphine is a potent _____

65
Q

What is an analgesic?

66
Q

Opium binds to _____ receptors in the _____

A

Opioid
Brainstem

67
Q

What specific areas does Opium/morphine bind to?

A

Locus coeruleus
Periaqueductal gray

68
Q

What plant is opium/morphine made from?

A

poppy seeds

69
Q

Why do poppy seeds have opium?

A

evolved to make it kill animals that eat too much

70
Q

What is heroin named for?

71
Q

Who produced heroin?

72
Q

Why was heroin produced

A

To be an aspirin and Codeine replacement

73
Q

What was the problem with replacing Codeine with Heorin?

A

It was more addictive

74
Q

What was heroin marketed as?

A

Cure for codeine addiction

75
Q

What does heroin metabolize into?

76
Q

When was heroin produced?

77
Q

What is the active ligand in marijuana

78
Q

What does THC stand for?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinoid

79
Q

The brain has cannabinoid receptors that bind _____ and _____

A

anadamide
2-AG

80
Q

What are anandamide and 2-AG examples of?

A

Endocannabinoids

81
Q

What are endocannabinoids?

A

Cannabinoids made in the body

82
Q

Endocannabinoids use _____ signaling

A

retrograde

83
Q

Why was cannabis used to treat cancer in ancient Indian medical practices

A

It increases apetite

84
Q

Endocannabinoids are synthesized __-_____

85
Q

Where are lipophilic molecules?

A

on the membrane

86
Q

Why are lipophilic molecules part of the membrane?

A

They cannot be stored in vesicles

87
Q

What state of matter are endocannabinoids?

88
Q

What does marijuana turn on?

A

Apetite
Nausea/vomiting

89
Q

What does long-term cannabis use do to memory?

A

causes memory loss

90
Q

What does cannabis do to short-term memory?

A

impairs it

91
Q

What is the result of cannabis impairing short-term memory

A

Hard to learn complex tasks

92
Q

What does cannabis do to reaction times?

A

It slows them

93
Q

What is the result of cannabis slowing reaction time?

A

It impairs driving skills

94
Q

What does cannabis do to judgement and decision making

A

It alters it

95
Q

How does cannabis alter mood in low doses?

96
Q

How does cannabis alter mood in high doses

A

Anxiety
Paranoia

97
Q

Why are anxiety and paranoia from cannabis becoming more common?

A

Gummies can be made more potent

98
Q

What is the primary addictive drug in tobacco

99
Q

In the periphery, nicotine ….

A

Activates muscles and causes twitching

100
Q

Centrally, nicotine …

A

Increases alertness

101
Q

Nicotine activates nicotinic ___ receptors in the _____ _____ _____

A

ACh
Ventral tegmental area

102
Q

Is smoking risk of tobacco due to nicotine?

A

No, other compounds

103
Q

Primary cause of preventable death in the world

104
Q

How many people does smoking kill in the world per year?

105
Q

How many people a year does nicotine kill in the US?

106
Q

Nicotine withdrawal causes a __% increase in workplace accidents on Britain’s ‘No Smoking Day’

107
Q

__% of attempts to quite smoking are successful

108
Q

Quitting nicotine has the same success rate as quitting _____

109
Q

US smoking rate is (increasing/decreasing)

A

Decreasing

Introduction to Neuroscience (10 decks)

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