Exam 1 Practice Questions Flashcards
What is the function of sensory neurons?
Respond to environment, such as light, odor, or touch
What is the function of motoneurons?
Contact muscles or glands
What is the function of interneurons?
Receive input from and send input to other neurons
What is the most common type of neuron in the central nervous system?
Interneurons
What is the most numerous glial cell in the central nervous system?
Astrocytes
What do astrocytes do?
Provide support for neurons and make up/regulate the blood brain barrier
True or false?
The less myelinated an axon, the faster it will conduct action potentials.
False,
More myelin means faster conduction
What type of glial cell is involved in immune response?
Microglia
What type of glia are referred to as the “housekeepers”
Microglia
What type of glia are phagocytes that clean up debris from dying neurons and glia?
Microglia
What type of cell is attacked by the body’s autoimmune system due to multiple sclerosis?
Oligodendrocytes
Which type of glia are the myelin-producing cells in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
What is multiple sclerosis?
An autoimmune response that attacks myelin in the central nervous system.
What type of flow is sensory information?
Afferent
What is afferent flow?
Carries impulses into the region of interest
Which imaging techniques represent static images?
CT
MRI
DTI
If a patient dies, what part of their brain is the deciding factor for death?
Medulla
Which imaging technique could provide a physician with a very high resolution image of the thalamus?
MRI Scan
Which type of filament provides a static support structure in the brain?
Neurofilaments
What kind of conduction occurs across a neuron’s axon?
Saltatory conduction
What would cause an increase of intensity of a signal on a neuronal level?
An increase in frequency of action potentials
All of the following are generalized onset seizures EXCEPT:
a. myoclonic seizures
b. grand-mal seizures
c. absence seizures
d. focal seizures
Focal Seizures
Glycine would cause what short of graded response in a postsynaptic cell?
IPSP
You notice that a patient seems to be shrugging their shoulders, but it is occurring involuntarily. This patient might be having _____ _____
myoclonic seizures
What must happen within a neuron for it to reach its threshold in order to carry out an action potential
Na+ ions enter the cell, making the inside less negative
In a tonic-clonic seizure, tonic refers to the _____ of the body during the seizure while clonic refers to the _____ of the body during the seizures
Stiffening
Jerking
The Na+ channel staying open for too long in the triplets, as implicated from the EEG shown for each, will lead to excessive _____ in neurons.
Depolarization and action potentials
As drug intake increases, sensitization to that drug _____ while tolerance to that drug _____.
Decreases
Increases
Neurotransmitters are which type of ligand?
Endogenous
Which class of seizures involve only one brain area?
Partial/focal seizures
What pathway consists of raphe nuclei?
Serotonin
Where is the epinephrine pathway located?
In the body, not brain
What is the rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis?
A conversion of tyrosine to L-dopa via tyrosine hydroxylase
How do neuromodulators differ from neurotransmitters?
They indirectly affect neurotransmitter release and/or strength of a receptor’s response
How do ADHD medications (which are stimulants) lessen hyperactive behaviors?
They stimulate the inhibitory pathways of the brain
What method of addiction treatment i characterized by causing an unpleasant reaction when the drug is used?
Aversive treatment
What is the primary course of action for amphetamines in a synapse?
Amphetamines work by blocking catecholamine reuptake.
(Catecholamines can be reuptaken into the presynaptic neuron by
MAOs)
Also Amphetamines cause an excess release of catecholamines into
the synaptic cleft.
Both the excess release as well as reuptake blocking leads to high
catecholamine concentration in the synaptic cleft.
What makes up the blood brain barrier?
Astrocytes
In the spinal cord, how is gray and white matter arranged?
Gray matter is more central, while white matter is more in the periphery
In the brain, how is gray and white matter arranged?
Gray matter is more peripheral, white matter is more central
When a neuron is at rest, what is the force that will push sodium out of the cell?
Sodium-potassium pump
All of the following will occur with consistent drug exposure except:
a. buildup of delta fosB
b. withdrawal symptoms
c. tolerance
d. increased dopamine in the ventral tegmental area
Withdrawal symptoms
A persona is injected with Curare prior to an abdominal surgery. Which of the following things would most likely occyr?
a. his breathing rate would increase
b. his heart would slow down
c. he would fall asleeo
d. he would be unable to move his arms and legs
d
Diablo promotes apoptosis by binding to and _____ IAPS, leading _____ caspase activity
inhibiting
increased
Cells in the notochord promote differentiation of cells in the spinal cord into
Motor neurons
True or false?
Potassium leak channels are always open and contribute to maintaining the resting membrane potential
True
Functional neuroimaging techniques
PET and fMRI
EEGs are a type of _____ neuroimaging
functional
Excitotoxicity is caused by an excess release of what?
Glutamate
What would you treat with a D2 antagonist?
Schizophrenia
How to differentiate CT and MRI scans?
MRI have much more detail
Why do alcoholics have seizures during withdrawal?
Upregulated glutamate receptors
If a patient has a a lesion ventral to the occipital lobe, what effects might the lesion cause?
Abnormal gait
A sushi enthusiast goes to a Japanese restaurant and has fugu, moments later he collapses. What mechanism of action has occurred on the cellular level?
Tetrodotoxin blocks nerve action by binding to voltage gated Na channels
What is required for neurotransmitter release from vesivcles
Calcium
Barbiturates block ____ channels and activate _____ channels
Sodium
Chloride
Caffeine stimulates the release of what?
Catecholamines
