Lecture Chapters 15-18 Flashcards
What is the official name for addiction?
Substance abuse disorder
What are the five classifications of drugs?
Depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens and cannabinoids
What are the effects of a depressant?
Increases GABA, slows CNS and body function.
What are the depressants?
Alcohol, anti-anxiety meds, hypnotic drugs.
What are the stimulants?
Nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, crack.
What are the stimulant effects?
Increase dopamine, CNS activity.
What is an effective treatment for nicotine addiction?
Zyban/Wellbutrin: an SSRI
How do hallucinogens work?
Causes neurotransmitters to bind to receptors too long.. Synaesthesia: blurring of senses.
What are the effects of cannabinoids?
THC: effects memory, pleasure and time perception. Long term use: smaller amygdala and decreased motivation.
What are the biological factors of addiction?
Genetics, dopamine reward center, and the changed brain.
What are the genetic factors of addiction?
Animal research: different breeds love/hate alcohol, pass to children. High heritability. Abnormal dopamine-2 receptor gene: fewer dopamine receptors, more predisposed to depression, addiction.
What are the dopamine reward center factors of addiction?
Reward deficiency syndrome: some people feel less pleasure for normal activities. More prone to addiction.
Animal research: Rat pushing bar.
What are the changed brain factors of addiction?
Less neural firing, thought, pleasure. Disease of the brain.
What are behavioral addictions?
Behavior triggers reward center. Gambling.
What are the environmental factors of addiction?
Role of rewards, classical conditioning, stress vs support.
What are the “role of rewards” factors of addiction?
Self-medicating, relapse during stress, coping mechanism.
What are the classical conditioning factors of addiction?
Environment triggers craving. Potentially treat by calming limbic system.
What are the stress vs support factors?
Animals alone will drink more, some veterans can quit cold turkey when they return home. Diathesis stress.
What are the two requirements for language?
Learned and symbolic.
What is the anatomy of language?
Specialized in left hemisphere: Broca’s for talking, Wernick’s for listening.
What is contralateral organization?
Left side of body is mapped to right hemisphere.
What are the 3 prelinguistic communications?
Crying, cooing, babbling.
What is the first facial expression the babies display?
Disgust, then social smile.
What are the last emotions to develop?
Self-conscious emotions, pride and guilt. Requires self-awareness and awareness of expectations.
What is PEA?
Similar to amphetamines, blocks reuptake of dopamine and serotonin.
Long-term love requires:
Continued release of endorphins.
What are the biological factors of attraction?
Exaggerated masculine, feminine faces, signs of health/wealth, olfactory.
What are the scent attraction factors?
Prefer non-match to immune system; not attracted to relatives, women more attracted when ovulating, men more attracted to her.
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Delusions and hallucinations
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Lacking emotions (fMRI=no reactions to pics), social withdrawal.
What are the biological causes of schizophrenia?
Genes, dopamine and serotonin, enlarged ventricles, prenatal virus exposure
What are the genetic factors of schizophrenia?
80% heritability, many genes involved. Genetic predisposition required in order to develop.
What are the d. and s. factors of schizophrenia?
Too much dopamine=positive symptoms. Too much serotonin = negative symptoms.
What are the enlarged ventricles factors of schizophrenia?
Malfunction causes hallucinations, can also put pressure on other parts of brain.
What are the pre-natal virus exposure factors of schizophrenia?
Linked to brain abnormalities. Born in winter-mother had flu.
What are the environmental factors of schizophrenia?
Diathesis-stress, not taught coping skills, controlling/critical parents, social labeling.
What medications are used to treat schizophrenia?
Anti-psychotic: cap dopamine receptors = reduces symptoms, negative side effects (tardive dyskinesia). cap serotonin receptors, fewer side effects.
What phase is early intervention?
Prodromal phase: mild symptoms, still have insight.
What are types of therapy used to treat schizophrenia?
family, cognitive and psychosocial therapy.
What are the biological causes of major (unipolar) depression?
Genes, neurotransmitters, hormones, less neural firing.
What are the genetic factors of depression?
5-HTT gene: controls serotonin.
What are the neurotransmitter factors of depression?
Low serotonin and norepinephrine
What are the hormonal factors of depression?
High cortisol (anxious, stress), low melotonin (can’t sleep).
How does less neural firing affect depression?
Difficult to think and process.
How does enviroment affect depression?
Stressful life events, childhood diathesis: ACE score.
What medications are used to treat depression?
SSRI: block reuptake of serotonin. SNRI: block reuptake of norepinephrine.
What are the worst-case treatments?
Electro-convulsive therapy (cause seizure), Transcranial magnetic stimulation (pulsating magnetic waves, can target specific area).
What are the biological factors of bipolar disorder?
genetics, neurotransmitters.
What are the genetic factors of bipolar disorder?
80% heritability. Mostly biological.
What are the neurotransmitter factors of bipolar disorder?
Low serotonin, low GABA. Mood swings=fluctuating norepinephrine. Low NPP: depression, high NPP: mania.
Mis-diagnosis of bipolar as unipolar can:
Cause mania if prescribed anti-depressant.
What medication is used to treat bipolar?
Lithium.
What are the causes of panic disorder?
Genes, amygdala misfire, neurotransmitters (low serotonin, high norepinephrine).
What medication is used to treat panic disorder?
SSRI’s
What is required to be diagnosed with OCD?
Spend at least one hour per day on O/C, distressing, interference with life.
What are the causes of OCD?
Genes (runs in familes), over active amygdala, over active dorsolateral cortex (running through options), under active orbital frontal cortex (choice of action).
What treatment can help with OCD?
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
