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Psychobiology > Lecture Chapters 15-18 > Flashcards

Lecture Chapters 15-18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the official name for addiction?

A

Substance abuse disorder

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2
Q

What are the five classifications of drugs?

A

Depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens and cannabinoids

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3
Q

What are the effects of a depressant?

A

Increases GABA, slows CNS and body function.

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4
Q

What are the depressants?

A

Alcohol, anti-anxiety meds, hypnotic drugs.

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5
Q

What are the stimulants?

A

Nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, crack.

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6
Q

What are the stimulant effects?

A

Increase dopamine, CNS activity.

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7
Q

What is an effective treatment for nicotine addiction?

A

Zyban/Wellbutrin: an SSRI

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8
Q

How do hallucinogens work?

A

Causes neurotransmitters to bind to receptors too long.. Synaesthesia: blurring of senses.

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9
Q

What are the effects of cannabinoids?

A

THC: effects memory, pleasure and time perception. Long term use: smaller amygdala and decreased motivation.

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10
Q

What are the biological factors of addiction?

A

Genetics, dopamine reward center, and the changed brain.

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11
Q

What are the genetic factors of addiction?

A

Animal research: different breeds love/hate alcohol, pass to children. High heritability. Abnormal dopamine-2 receptor gene: fewer dopamine receptors, more predisposed to depression, addiction.

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12
Q

What are the dopamine reward center factors of addiction?

A

Reward deficiency syndrome: some people feel less pleasure for normal activities. More prone to addiction.
Animal research: Rat pushing bar.

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13
Q

What are the changed brain factors of addiction?

A

Less neural firing, thought, pleasure. Disease of the brain.

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14
Q

What are behavioral addictions?

A

Behavior triggers reward center. Gambling.

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15
Q

What are the environmental factors of addiction?

A

Role of rewards, classical conditioning, stress vs support.

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16
Q

What are the “role of rewards” factors of addiction?

A

Self-medicating, relapse during stress, coping mechanism.

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17
Q

What are the classical conditioning factors of addiction?

A

Environment triggers craving. Potentially treat by calming limbic system.

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18
Q

What are the stress vs support factors?

A

Animals alone will drink more, some veterans can quit cold turkey when they return home. Diathesis stress.

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19
Q

What are the two requirements for language?

A

Learned and symbolic.

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20
Q

What is the anatomy of language?

A

Specialized in left hemisphere: Broca’s for talking, Wernick’s for listening.

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21
Q

What is contralateral organization?

A

Left side of body is mapped to right hemisphere.

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22
Q

What are the 3 prelinguistic communications?

A

Crying, cooing, babbling.

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23
Q

What is the first facial expression the babies display?

A

Disgust, then social smile.

24
Q

What are the last emotions to develop?

A

Self-conscious emotions, pride and guilt. Requires self-awareness and awareness of expectations.

25
Q

What is PEA?

A

Similar to amphetamines, blocks reuptake of dopamine and serotonin.

26
Q

Long-term love requires:

A

Continued release of endorphins.

27
Q

What are the biological factors of attraction?

A

Exaggerated masculine, feminine faces, signs of health/wealth, olfactory.

28
Q

What are the scent attraction factors?

A

Prefer non-match to immune system; not attracted to relatives, women more attracted when ovulating, men more attracted to her.

29
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Delusions and hallucinations

30
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Lacking emotions (fMRI=no reactions to pics), social withdrawal.

31
Q

What are the biological causes of schizophrenia?

A

Genes, dopamine and serotonin, enlarged ventricles, prenatal virus exposure

32
Q

What are the genetic factors of schizophrenia?

A

80% heritability, many genes involved. Genetic predisposition required in order to develop.

33
Q

What are the d. and s. factors of schizophrenia?

A

Too much dopamine=positive symptoms. Too much serotonin = negative symptoms.

34
Q

What are the enlarged ventricles factors of schizophrenia?

A

Malfunction causes hallucinations, can also put pressure on other parts of brain.

35
Q

What are the pre-natal virus exposure factors of schizophrenia?

A

Linked to brain abnormalities. Born in winter-mother had flu.

36
Q

What are the environmental factors of schizophrenia?

A

Diathesis-stress, not taught coping skills, controlling/critical parents, social labeling.

37
Q

What medications are used to treat schizophrenia?

A

Anti-psychotic: cap dopamine receptors = reduces symptoms, negative side effects (tardive dyskinesia). cap serotonin receptors, fewer side effects.

38
Q

What phase is early intervention?

A

Prodromal phase: mild symptoms, still have insight.

39
Q

What are types of therapy used to treat schizophrenia?

A

family, cognitive and psychosocial therapy.

40
Q

What are the biological causes of major (unipolar) depression?

A

Genes, neurotransmitters, hormones, less neural firing.

41
Q

What are the genetic factors of depression?

A

5-HTT gene: controls serotonin.

42
Q

What are the neurotransmitter factors of depression?

A

Low serotonin and norepinephrine

43
Q

What are the hormonal factors of depression?

A

High cortisol (anxious, stress), low melotonin (can’t sleep).

44
Q

How does less neural firing affect depression?

A

Difficult to think and process.

45
Q

How does enviroment affect depression?

A

Stressful life events, childhood diathesis: ACE score.

46
Q

What medications are used to treat depression?

A

SSRI: block reuptake of serotonin. SNRI: block reuptake of norepinephrine.

47
Q

What are the worst-case treatments?

A

Electro-convulsive therapy (cause seizure), Transcranial magnetic stimulation (pulsating magnetic waves, can target specific area).

48
Q

What are the biological factors of bipolar disorder?

A

genetics, neurotransmitters.

49
Q

What are the genetic factors of bipolar disorder?

A

80% heritability. Mostly biological.

50
Q

What are the neurotransmitter factors of bipolar disorder?

A

Low serotonin, low GABA. Mood swings=fluctuating norepinephrine. Low NPP: depression, high NPP: mania.

51
Q

Mis-diagnosis of bipolar as unipolar can:

A

Cause mania if prescribed anti-depressant.

52
Q

What medication is used to treat bipolar?

A

Lithium.

53
Q

What are the causes of panic disorder?

A

Genes, amygdala misfire, neurotransmitters (low serotonin, high norepinephrine).

54
Q

What medication is used to treat panic disorder?

A

SSRI’s

55
Q

What is required to be diagnosed with OCD?

A

Spend at least one hour per day on O/C, distressing, interference with life.

56
Q

What are the causes of OCD?

A

Genes (runs in familes), over active amygdala, over active dorsolateral cortex (running through options), under active orbital frontal cortex (choice of action).

57
Q

What treatment can help with OCD?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Psychobiology (6 decks)

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