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Psychobiology > Chapters 1-2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A cell that receives and transmits electrochemical signals.

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2
Q

What was the case of Jimmie G?

A

Extreme short-term memory loss; Kosakoff’s syndrome. Related to alcoholism and thiamine (b1) deficiency.

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3
Q

What are the four themes of the text?

A

Thinking creatively, clinical implications, evolutionary perspective, neuroplasticity.

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4
Q

What is biopsychology?

A

The scientific study of the biology of behavior.

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5
Q

What types of research characterize the biopsychological approach?

A

Comparative approach, experiments, quasiexperimental studies, case studies.

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6
Q

How do biopsychologists study the unobservable workings of the brain?

A

Scientific inference-basically an educated guess.

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7
Q

Critical thinking about biopsychological claims: Case 1

A

Jose and the Bull, believed he had discovered a caudate taming center of a bull.

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8
Q

Critical thinking about biopsychological claims: Case 2

A

Egas Moniz won the Nobel Prize for the prefrontal lobotomy. Transorbital lobotomy was popularized by Walter Freeman.

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9
Q

The case of the man who fell out of bed:

A

Asomatognosia-losing awareness of parts of your body. caused by damage to right parietal lobe.

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10
Q

Case of chimps with mirrors

A

Proved self-awareness (“mind”) in chimps.

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11
Q

Three factors of behavior:

A

genetic endowment (evolution), experience, perception of the current situation.

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12
Q

What are the three major contributions of the Human Genome Project?

A

New techniques for DNA, humans have relatively few genes (about same as mice and less than corn), discovery of multiple genes for each disease.

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13
Q

Epigenetics:

A

The study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than the genetic code and its expression.

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14
Q

Epigenetics have led to these discoveries:

A

Non-gene DNA still important/active, multiple RNA types, proteins and DNA-tightness affecting gene expression, can be passed on.

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15
Q

What did the maze bright/dull experiment prove?

A

Behavioral traits can be selectively bred; genes influence the development of behavior.

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16
Q

Main point of PKU example

A

a recessive gene, early detection and diet changes can reduce effects of the disorder.

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17
Q

Birdsong example

A

Males learn from others, predisposed to learn from own species, brain plasticity in response to environment

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18
Q

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (somatic and autonomic)

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19
Q

What is the somatic system?

A

Connects our body to outside world (senses), both afferent and efferent.

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20
Q

What is the autonomic system?

A

Regulates internal functions. Two parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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21
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Para=rest and digest, symp=fight or flight

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22
Q

What are meninges?

A

The three protective membranes that encase the brain and spinal cord.

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23
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Fills the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain, protects and supports.

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24
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Four large inner chambers of the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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25
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

Special structure of cerebral blood vessels. Resists foreign chemicals.

26
Q

What is a acronym for the parts of a neuron?

A

DCAAMBS: Don’t Care About Aunt Mary’s Bull Shit.

Dendrites, Cell body, Axon hillock, Axon, Myelin, Buttons, Synapses.

27
Q

What is the nucleus of a cell?

A

A spherical structure inside the cell body, holds DNA.

28
Q

what are the neuroanatomical techniques?

A

Golgi stain, nissl stain, electron microscopy.

29
Q

What is a golgi stain?

A

a few neurons stained black by silver cromate.

30
Q

what is a nissl stain?

A

dye that binds only to neuron cell bodies.

31
Q

What is electron microscopy?

A

creates an electron micrograph by coating thin slices of neural tissue with an electron-absorbing substance.

32
Q

What is gray vs white matter?

A

Gray matter is cell bodies and white matter is axons.

33
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Carries signals between brain and body

34
Q

What is the pons?

A

Bridge between various parts of the nervous system

35
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Coordinated movement.

36
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for?

A

Info from senses, sends info to motor cortex.

37
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Eat, drink, sex; regulates pituitary gland

38
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The surface of the brain, gray matter

39
Q

What are fissures?

A

“Folds” of the brain

40
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Connects left and right brain

41
Q

What are the four lobes?

A

Frontal, occipital, temporal and parietal.

42
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Memory

43
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Memory, motivation, emotion

44
Q

What si the cingulate cortex responsible for?

A

Connects limbic system to cerebral cortex. Social behavior.

45
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Voluntary motor response. Parkinson’s=decaying basal ganglia.

46
Q

Dopamine vs l.dopa

A

Dopamine cannot easily pass through the blood-brain barrier. l dopa can, and works the same although becomes less and less effective.

47
Q

What is the membrane potential?

A

the difference in electrical charge between the outside and inside of a cell

48
Q

What is the measurement of the neuron’s resting potential?

A

about -70mV

49
Q

What are excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

They depolarize the receiving cell, making it more likely to fire.

50
Q

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

They hyperpolarize the receiving cell, reducing the chances of it firing.

51
Q

How are action potentials conducted?

A

Through the action of voltage-activated ion channels.

52
Q

Cat scan

A

Computer assisted X-ray

53
Q

MRI

A

High detail

54
Q

Pet scan

A

Requires radioactive substance

55
Q

Fmri

A

Shows oxygen use

56
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine

57
Q

Serotonin

A

Obsessions and compulsions

58
Q

Dopamine

A

Attention, motivation, pleasure

59
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Alertness

60
Q

GABA

A

Regulates anxiety. Low GABA=high anxiety

61
Q

Proprioception

A

Sense of where body is

62
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Coordinated movement

Psychobiology (6 decks)

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