Chapters 12-14 Flashcards
What are the three phases of energy metabolism?
Cephalic, absorptive and fasting.
What is insulin’s role in energy metabolism?
Released by pancreas in cepalic and absorptive phases. Promotes: glucose as primary energy source, conversion of bloodborne fuels, energy storage.
What is the cephalic phase?
Prep phase, active at smell/thought of food, ends when absorption begins. Insulin high, glucagon low.
What is the absorptive phase?
Energy absorbed is meeting immediate energy needs. Insulin high, glucagon low.
What is the fasting phase?
Begins when unstored energy from previous meal has been used up, body is now using energy from its reserves. Glucagon high, insulin low.
What is the sexually dimorphic nucleus?
The medial precipice area of the hypothalamus that is larger in males.
What is melatonin?
Hormone made in pineal gland, high levels in darkness/sleep
What is an iatrogenic disorder?
Problem created by physician.
What are the three main factors of difference in taste preference?
Age (receptor count), genes (bitter gene), and culture.
What is a nuclei?
A cluster of neurons
What is the mammillary body?
Nuclei that signals time to eat, time to stop eating
What is the gustory Cortex responsible for?
Taste
What is the somatosensory cortex responsible for?
Texture, sight, sound of food.
What is the orbital frontal cortex responsible for?
Right hemisphere equals pleasant taste, left hemisphere equals unpleasant taste
In relation to eating, higher levels of serotonin is related to:
Feeling satisfied and full, better mood.
What are the three factors of beginning and ending eating?
Brain and digestive system, classical conditioning, cognitive factors.
How does the brain and digestive system contribute to beginning and ending eating?
Satiety signals, glucose and insulin levels, feast and famine.
What are the cognitive factors of beginning and ending eating?
Prefrontal Cortex: positive incentive drive, sensory specific satiety, emotional motivation.
What is sensory specific satiety?
Same basic taste = less pleasure, stop eating sooner.
What is obesity?
BMI at dangerous level, #1 cause of type 2 diabetes, factor of early puberty.
When/why did the obesity epidemic begin?
1980’s, sedentary lifestyle, convenient food, portion sizes, HF corn syrup.
What are the 3 causes of bulimia and anorexia?
Culture, family and biology.
What are the biological factors of eating disorders?
Anxiety/depression, genetics (both run in families), less active reward center.
What is the diathesis-stress of eating disorders?
Biologically predisposed, environment triggers it.
What triggers androgen wash #1?
SRY gene on Y chromosome. (If SRY gene faulty/missing, no wash).
What is wash #1 responsible for?
Physical sex: penis or vagina.
What is androgen insensitive syndrome?
genetic disorder: no androgen receptors. Result is chromosomal male with female body.
What causes intersexed babies?
Weak #1 wash.
What did the John-Joan case prove?
Gender is not 100% learned.
What was the Dr. Reinhart study?
Noticed intersexed infants turned into girls seemed unhappy. Used chromosomal sex to decide which physical sex to turn them into. 85% of chromosomal males were happy as boys, vs only 40% as girls. `
What are the three different sexes?
Chromosomal, body and brain.
What is wash #2 responsible for?
Masculinizes brain: shapes hypothalamus = INAH-3 nucleus is bigger. Sexual orientation: will be attracted to females.
What is wash #3 responsible for?
Gender identity. Smaller corpus callosum, more focused neural firing. Larger BNST.
What are three things that can interfere with the washes?
Genes, drugs and endocrine system problems.
What are the endocrine system problems?
Adrenal and pituitary gland issues, extreme stress, many male pregnancies or older mother.
How do we know that genes play a part in sexual orientation?
Fruit flies, twin research, runs in families in boys on Mom’s side.
What is the SCN necleus?
Suprachiasmatic, in hypothalamus. “Master Clock”
What is the retino-hypothalamic system?
Optics connected to brain stem separate from vision to detect light and dark.
What are the “day and night” hormones?
Cortisol (day) and melatonin (night).
