Chapters 12-14

Question 1

What are the three phases of energy metabolism?

Answer 1

Cephalic, absorptive and fasting.

Question 2

What is insulin’s role in energy metabolism?

Answer 2

Released by pancreas in cepalic and absorptive phases. Promotes: glucose as primary energy source, conversion of bloodborne fuels, energy storage.

Question 3

What is the cephalic phase?

Answer 3

Prep phase, active at smell/thought of food, ends when absorption begins. Insulin high, glucagon low.

Question 4

What is the absorptive phase?

Answer 4

Energy absorbed is meeting immediate energy needs. Insulin high, glucagon low.

Question 5

What is the fasting phase?

Answer 5

Begins when unstored energy from previous meal has been used up, body is now using energy from its reserves. Glucagon high, insulin low.

Question 6

What is the sexually dimorphic nucleus?

Answer 6

The medial precipice area of the hypothalamus that is larger in males.

Question 7

What is melatonin?

Answer 7

Hormone made in pineal gland, high levels in darkness/sleep

Question 8

What is an iatrogenic disorder?

Answer 8

Problem created by physician.

Question 9

What are the three main factors of difference in taste preference?

Answer 9

Age (receptor count), genes (bitter gene), and culture.

Question 10

What is a nuclei?

Answer 10

A cluster of neurons

Question 11

What is the mammillary body?

Answer 11

Nuclei that signals time to eat, time to stop eating

Question 12

What is the gustory Cortex responsible for?

Answer 12

Taste

Question 13

What is the somatosensory cortex responsible for?

Answer 13

Texture, sight, sound of food.

Question 14

What is the orbital frontal cortex responsible for?

Answer 14

Right hemisphere equals pleasant taste, left hemisphere equals unpleasant taste

Question 15

In relation to eating, higher levels of serotonin is related to:

Answer 15

Feeling satisfied and full, better mood.

Question 16

What are the three factors of beginning and ending eating?

Answer 16

Brain and digestive system, classical conditioning, cognitive factors.

Question 17

How does the brain and digestive system contribute to beginning and ending eating?

Answer 17

Satiety signals, glucose and insulin levels, feast and famine.

Question 18

What are the cognitive factors of beginning and ending eating?

Answer 18

Prefrontal Cortex: positive incentive drive, sensory specific satiety, emotional motivation.

Question 19

What is sensory specific satiety?

Answer 19

Same basic taste = less pleasure, stop eating sooner.

Question 20

What is obesity?

Answer 20

BMI at dangerous level, #1 cause of type 2 diabetes, factor of early puberty.

Question 21

When/why did the obesity epidemic begin?

Answer 21

1980’s, sedentary lifestyle, convenient food, portion sizes, HF corn syrup.

Question 22

What are the 3 causes of bulimia and anorexia?

Answer 22

Culture, family and biology.

Question 23

What are the biological factors of eating disorders?

Answer 23

Anxiety/depression, genetics (both run in families), less active reward center.

Question 24

What is the diathesis-stress of eating disorders?

Answer 24

Biologically predisposed, environment triggers it.

Question 25

What triggers androgen wash #1?

Answer 25

SRY gene on Y chromosome. (If SRY gene faulty/missing, no wash).

Question 26

What is wash #1 responsible for?

Answer 26

Physical sex: penis or vagina.

Question 27

What is androgen insensitive syndrome?

Answer 27

genetic disorder: no androgen receptors. Result is chromosomal male with female body.

Question 28

What causes intersexed babies?

Answer 28

Weak #1 wash.

Question 29

What did the John-Joan case prove?

Answer 29

Gender is not 100% learned.

Question 30

What was the Dr. Reinhart study?

Answer 30

Noticed intersexed infants turned into girls seemed unhappy. Used chromosomal sex to decide which physical sex to turn them into. 85% of chromosomal males were happy as boys, vs only 40% as girls. `

Question 31

What are the three different sexes?

Answer 31

Chromosomal, body and brain.

Question 32

What is wash #2 responsible for?

Answer 32

Masculinizes brain: shapes hypothalamus = INAH-3 nucleus is bigger. Sexual orientation: will be attracted to females.

Question 33

What is wash #3 responsible for?

Answer 33

Gender identity. Smaller corpus callosum, more focused neural firing. Larger BNST.

Question 34

What are three things that can interfere with the washes?

Answer 34

Genes, drugs and endocrine system problems.

Question 35

What are the endocrine system problems?

Answer 35

Adrenal and pituitary gland issues, extreme stress, many male pregnancies or older mother.

Question 36

How do we know that genes play a part in sexual orientation?

Answer 36

Fruit flies, twin research, runs in families in boys on Mom’s side.

Question 37

What is the SCN necleus?

Answer 37

Suprachiasmatic, in hypothalamus. “Master Clock”

Question 38

What is the retino-hypothalamic system?

Answer 38

Optics connected to brain stem separate from vision to detect light and dark.

Question 39

What are the “day and night” hormones?

Answer 39

Cortisol (day) and melatonin (night).