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Human Histology > Lecture: Cellular Elements > Flashcards

Lecture: Cellular Elements Flashcards

1
Q

Basic structural and functional unit, and the smallest living part of the body

A

Cell

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2
Q

Has nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm, a system of membranous organelles, non-membranous molecular
assemblies, and a cytoskeleton

A

Eukaryotic

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3
Q

Has a cell wall, lacks nuclei and membranous cytoplasmic structures

A

Prokaryotic

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4
Q

2 Basic Parts of Eukaryotic Cell

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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5
Q

Outermost component of the cell, separating the cytoplasm from its extracellular environment

A

Plasma Membrane

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6
Q

Fluid component of cytoplasm. Contains hundreds of enzymes that produce building blocks for
larger molecules and break down small molecules to liberate energy

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

A

Physical Barrier
Selective Permeability
Electrochemical Gradient
Communication

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8
Q

Head part of Membrane Phospholipids

A

Carbohydrate and Hydrophilic

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9
Q

Tail part of Membrane Phospholipids

A

UFA, SFA, and Hydrophobic

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10
Q

Directly incorporated within the lipid bilayer itself

A

Integral Proteins

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11
Q

Exhibit a looser association with one of the two membrane surfaces, particularly the inner

A

Peripheral Proteins

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12
Q

Unassisted net movement of small, nonpolar substances down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Simple Diffusion

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13
Q

Movement of ions and small, polar molecules down their concentration gradient

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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14
Q

Movement of ion down its concentration gradient through a protein channel

A

Channel-mediated

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15
Q

Movement of small, polar molecule down its concentration gradient by a carrier protein

A

Carrier-mediated

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16
Q

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; continues until equilibrium is reached

A

Osmosis

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17
Q

Transport of ions or small molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps

A

Active Transport

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18
Q

Movement of substances down a concentration gradient due to kinetic energy of the substance

A

Passive Processes

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19
Q

Movement of substances requires expenditure of cellular energy

A

Active Processes

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20
Q

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient; powered directly by ATP

A

Primary

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21
Q

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient is powered by harnessing is the movement of a second substance down its concentration gradient

A

Secondary

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22
Q

Movement of substance up its concentration in the same direction as Na+

A

Symport

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23
Q

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the opposite direction from Na+

A

Antiport

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24
Q

Vesicle formed or lost as material is brought into a cell or released from a cell

A

Vesicular Transport

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25
Q

Bulk movement of a substance out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

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26
Q

Bulk movement of substances into the cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

27
Q

Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia

A

Phagocytosis

28
Q

Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstitial fluid is taken up by the cell

A

Pinocytosis

29
Q

Type of endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

30
Q

Small electron-dense particles, about 20 × 30 nm
in size

A

Ribosomes

31
Q

Multiple ribosomes on the same mRNA make up

A

Polyribosome (polysome)

32
Q

An abundance of these polysome produces

A

Basophilic Cytoplasm

33
Q

Convoluted membranous network that extends from the surface of the nucleus to the cell membrane and encloses a series of intercommunicating channels and sacs

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

34
Q

Series of intercommunicating channels and sacs

A

Cisternae

35
Q

ER for synthesis and segregation of proteins not destined for the cytosol (for secretion)

A

Rough ER

36
Q

ER for glycogen and lipid metabolism

A

Smooth ER

37
Q

Dynamic organelle consisting of stacked membranous cisternae in which proteins made in RER are processed further and packaged for secretion or other roles

A

Golgi Apparatus

38
Q

Small membrane enclosed carriers that move materials from RER cisternae to the Golgi apparatus

A

Transport Vesicles

39
Q

Sites of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular components

A

Lysosomes

40
Q

Hydrolytic Enzymes examples

A

Proteases
Nucleases
Phosphatase
Phospholipases
Sulfatases
β-glucuronidase

41
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelles with arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic respiration and production of adenosine
triphosphate

A

Mitochondria

42
Q

An inner membrane with many folds enclosing a gel-like matrix

A

Cristae

43
Q

Cell death

A

Apoptosis

44
Q

Spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane. Named for their enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen
peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

45
Q

Complex array of protein polymers

A

Cytoskeleton

46
Q

Components of Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments (actin filaments)
Intermediate filaments

47
Q

Contains the code for all of a cell’s enzymes and other proteins

A

Nucleus

48
Q

Double set of membranes with a narrow perinuclear space that separates the cytoplasm from the nucleoplasm

A

Nuclear Envelope

49
Q

Combination of DNA and its associated proteins in a largely uncoiled state

A

Chromatin

50
Q

Chromatin with DNA that is active in transcription stains lightly

A

Euchromatin

51
Q

Inactive chromatin stains more darkly

A

Heterochromatin

52
Q

DNA molecule + histone

A

Nucleosome

53
Q

Very basophilic or electron-dense area of chromatin localized where rRNA transcription and ribosomal subunits assembly occur

A

Nucleolus

54
Q

Specialized cellular subunits that carry out essential functions

A

Organelles

55
Q

Large, membrane bound organelle present in all cells except mature erythrocytes

A

Nucleus

56
Q

Encloses the whole mitochondria

A

Outer Membrane

57
Q

A portion of its cisternae is continuous with the nuclear envelope

A

RER

58
Q

Site of most intracellular activity

A

Cytosol

59
Q

Collection of fused, flattened sacs which received protein from the RER

A

Golgi Apparatus

60
Q

Controls which molecules enter and leave the cell

A

Plasma Membrane

61
Q

Site of lipid and steroid synthesis

A

SER

62
Q

Small membrane enclosed carriers that move materials from RER cisternae to the Golgi apparatus

A

Transport Vesicle

63
Q

Membrane-limited vesicles that contain about 40 different hydrolytic enzymes

A

Lysosome

Human Histology (5 decks)

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