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Theme 1: Human Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture: Anatomy 8: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lecture: Anatomy 8: Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Morphologic counterpart of the immune system that consists of groups of cells, tissues, and organs that monitor body surfaces and internal fluid compartments.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Fluid recovery
  2. Immunity; removal of debris from cellular decomposition and infection.
  3. Lipid absorption; lacteals absorb dietary lipids.
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3
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid organs
Lymphocytes

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4
Q

What is lymph?

A

Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) which contains WBCs an d protein that enters the lymphatic vessels.

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5
Q

How much lymph is produced each day?

A

Normal lymphatic flow is 2L to 3L per day.

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6
Q

How is lymph made?

A

Roughly 3L of fluid fails to be reabsorbed by the blood capillaries and enters the extracellular spaces along with plasma proteins and materials from tissue cells.

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7
Q

How is lymph flow maintained in a singular direction?

A

Valves prevent backflow of lymph

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8
Q

What are lymphatic plexuses?

A

Networks oflymphatic capillaries in the extracellular spaces. Composed of highly attenuated endothelium with valve like flaps and no basement membrane.

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9
Q

Examples of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E and K

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10
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Special types of lymphatic capillaries called lacteals which pick up not only interstitial fluid, but also dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins.

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11
Q

Describe the composition of lymph in the lacteals

A

Lymph has a milky colour due to the lipid and is also called chyle.

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12
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?

A

Afferent lymph vessels carry lymph to the lymph node whereas efferent lymph vessels take lymph away from the lymph nodes.

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers within lymphatic vessels?

A
  1. Endothelium (1 cell thick)
  2. Tunica media (smooth muscle)
  3. Tunica adventitia (connective tissue)

No basement membrane to aid movement of fluid into lymphatic vessels.

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14
Q

What is the difference between superficial and deep lymphatic vessels?

A

Superficial lymphatic vessels converge towards and follows venous drainage and eventually drain into deep lymphatic vessels. Deep lymphatic vessels accompany arteries and receive drainage of internal organs.

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15
Q

Hydrostatic pressure?

A

Drives fluid from capillaries into interstitial space

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16
Q

Osmotic pressure?

A

Drives fluid interstitial space into capillaries

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17
Q

How do lymph flow through the body?

A
  1. Interstitial space (interstitial fluid)
  2. Lymphatic plexuses
  3. Lymphatic vessels
  4. Lymph nodes
  5. Lymphatic vessels
  6. Lymphatic trunks
  7. Lymphatic ducts
  8. Venous circulation
  9. Blood capillaries (blood)
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18
Q

What mechanisms are used to push lymph around the body towards the heart and into the venous circulation?

A
  1. Filtration pressure in tissue spaces.
  2. Contraction of neighbouring skeletal muscles.
  3. Respiratory movements.
  4. Contraction of lymphatic vessel walls.
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19
Q

How do lymphatic vessels anchor into surrounding cells?

A

Anchoring filaments

20
Q

Where are lacteals commonly found?

A

Small intestine

21
Q

What are lymphatic trunks?

A

Lymphatic trunks (collecting vessles)are large collecting vessels that receive lymph from multiple lymphatic vessels.

22
Q

What vessels join up to lymphatic trunks?

A

Right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct unite at the lymphatic trunks.

23
Q

What is the role of the right lymphatic duct?

A

Drains lymph from the body’s right upper quadrant.

24
Q

What is the role of the thoracic duct?

A

Largest lymphatic channel that drains lymph from the remainder of the body.

25
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

A dilated collecting sac formed by the merging of the lymphatic trunks draining the lower half of the body.

26
Q

What are the 5 main lymphatic trunks?

A
  1. Jugular trunk
  2. Subclavian trunk
  3. Bronchoediastinal trunk
  4. Collecting trunk
  5. ???
27
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Right lymphatic duct drains into right venous angle composed of right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein

28
Q

Where does the left (thoracic) duct drain into?

A

Left lymphatic duct drains into left venous angle composed of left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein.

29
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

30
Q

How do T and B cells move from primary lymphatic organs to secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymphocytes enter the blood or lymphatic vessels from primary lymphatic organs to colonise secondary lymphatic organs and tissues, where they undergo the final stages of antigen-dependent activation.

31
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes
Aggregation of lymphatic nodules
Spleen

32
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrowconsists of blood cells in different stages of development and a network of reticular cells and fibres that serve as a supporting framework for the developing blood cells and vessels.

33
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

Produces fat cells (adipocytes). In response to appropriate stimuli, such as extreme blood loss, yellow marrow can revert to red marrow.

34
Q

Where is red bone marrow found?

A

Children – medullary cavity

Adults – spaces of spongy bone

35
Q

What happens to the thymus with age?

A

Atrophies; replaced by fat cells.

36
Q

What is the main function of the thymus?

A

Maturation of T cells in the inner medulla.

37
Q

What are the functions of lymph nodes?

A

Lymph nodes filter lymph along the pathway of lymphatic vessels and initiate adaptive immune responses to antigens.

38
Q

What are the gross anatomy components of lymph nodes?

A

Capsule (composed of dense CT) which invaginates and forms trabeculae.
Superficial cortex contains B cells & macrophages, whereas deep cortex (paracortex) contains T cells.

39
Q

What are primary lymph nodes?

A

First node or group within chain

40
Q

What are terminal lymph nodes?

A

Last node or group within chain

41
Q

Where are deep lymph nodes found?

A

Lymph nodes are closely located to vasculature and viscera. Node nomenclature is often taken from neighbouring structures.

42
Q

What are the 2 forms of lymphatic nodules?

A
  1. Diffuse lymphatic tissue

2. Lymphatic nodules

43
Q

What are the 2 forms of lymphatic nodules?

A
  1. Diffuse lymphatic tissue

2. Lymphatic nodules (eg. Payers Patch)

44
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

Natural killer cells
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

45
Q

How does lymph drain through lymph nodes?

A 
Afferent lymphatic vessel
Su
Trabecular sinus
Medullary sinus
Efferent lymphatic vessel

Theme 1: Human Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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