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Theme 1: Human Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture: Anatomy 6: Principles of the cardiorespiratory system > Flashcards

Lecture: Anatomy 6: Principles of the cardiorespiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

How are heart contractions regulated?

A

Heart contractions are intrinsically generated and rate of is modified by autonomic nervous system (ANS).

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2
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

A

Decreases heart rate (Vagus nerve)

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3
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

A

Increases heart rate

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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5
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Thin outer layer of heart

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6
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thickest inner layer of heart

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7
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Innermost layer of heart which lines the chamber.

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8
Q

How does blood flow into the heart to the lungs?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs

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9
Q

What are the valves in the right side of the heart?

A

Pulmonary valve and Tricuspid valve

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10
Q

How does blood flow out of the heart and around the body?

A

Pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body

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11
Q

What are the valves in the left side of the heart?

A

Aortic valve and Bicuspid (mitral) valve

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12
Q

Describe the blood leaving the heart towards the lungs

A

Deoxygenated

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13
Q

Describe the blood leaving the heart for the body

A

Oxygenated

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14
Q

Describe the composition of cardiac muscle (myocardium)

A

Cardiac Muscle (Myocardium) has a striated appearance with intercalated discs (fascia adherens, desmosomes, and gap junctions). Normally mononucleated.

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15
Q

What are the components of the respiratory tract?

A 
Trachea          
Main bronchi           
Secondary (lobar) bronchi (3 x right, 2 x left)           
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi            
Bronchioles            
Alveoli
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16
Q

Describe the right lung lobe

A

3 lobes with horizontal and oblique fissures

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17
Q

Describe the left lung lobe

A
  • 2 lobes with oblique fissures
  • Impression for the heart (the cardiac notch)
  • Lingula; tongue-shaped region of the left lung.
18
Q

Describe the composition of smooth muscle

A

Smooth muscle is not striated and not branching. Spindle shaped with one central nucleus per cell. Smooth muscle is under involuntary control.

19
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Found in walls of tubular structures and hollow viscera.

20
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscle?

A

Functions:
• Regulates diameter
• Propels liquids and solids
• Expels contents

21
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

A monolayer of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells that covers the entire inside of the vascular system. In contact with blood.

22
Q

What are the functions of the endothelium?

A

Functions:
• Control vascular tone and vessel diameter
• Regulate permeability
• Angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)
• Regulate clotting (by releasing clotting factors)
• Regulate immune response

23
Q

What is an atherosclerosis?

A

Narrowing of arteries (myocardial infarction) or rupture of plaque causing a thrombus. Common in coronary arteries.

24
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

Blood clot (thrombus) e.g., rupture of atherosclerotic plaque or deep venous thrombosis.

25
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Stray blood clot (embolism) e.g., pulmonary embolism or stroke.

26
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunic Media
  3. Tunica Externa (adventitia)
27
Q

Describe the structure of the tunic intima in blood vessels

A

Inner most layer (lined by endothelium). Composed of connective tissue which reduces friction for blood flow.

28
Q

Describe the structure of the tunic media in blood vessels

A

Middle layer. Composed of primarily smooth muscle and connective tissue (collagen and elastin). Controls size and shape of artery/vessels.

29
Q

Describe the structure of the tunic externa in blood vessels

A

Outer most layer. Composed of primarily collagen and contains nerves and vessels (vasa vasorum). Connects artery to surrounding structures.

30
Q

What factors aid the return of blood against gravity?

A
  • Valves
  • Arteriovenous pump
  • Musculovenous pump
  • Respiratory pump
31
Q

What are valves?

A

Valves are inward projection of intima, strengthened by collagen and elastic fibres.

32
Q

What are the consequences of dilation of the veins?

A

Dilation of veins can mean valves don’t close, resulting in varicose veins.

33
Q

Describe the structure of large elastic arteries (conducting)

A
  • Large diameter (>10mm)
  • Supplied by vasa vasorum; arteries are so thick that they require their own blood supply
  • Tunica media contains many layers of elastin; provides force to support surges of blood flow
34
Q

Describe the structure of medium muscular arteries (distributing)

A
  • Smaller diameter (0.1mm-10mm)
  • Thick layer of smooth muscle in tunica media
  • Responsible for vasoconstriction, vasodilation and pulsatile contractions
35
Q

Describe the structure of small arteries and arterioles (resistance)

A
  • Narrow lumina
  • Decreased thickness of all layers and tunica media is predominantly smooth muscle, 1-2 cell layers in thickness
  • Tonus dictates degree of filling of capillary beds, and this dictates blood flow
36
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries (exchange)

A
  • Endothelial layer composed of only tunica initima
  • Two types: continuous and fenestrated
  • Function: allow exchange between blood and extracellular fluid
37
Q

Describe the structure of venules

A
  • Microscopic (8-100µm)
  • Progressively increase lumen diameter
  • No elastin
  • Very thin tunica externa and media
  • Function: drain capillary beds
38
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A
  • Under lower pressure so tunica media is thinner than arteries
  • More variable
  • Smaller veins are TRIBUTARIES of larger veins
  • Large veins have well developed tunica adventitia/ externa
39
Q

How do arteries branch into veins?

A 
Large elastic arteries 
Medium muscular arteries
Small arteries and arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
40
Q

What are the 2 types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous

2. Fenestrated (pores where more exchange takes place)

41
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries more commonly found?

A

Endocrine glands, the intestines, pancreas and kidney

Theme 1: Human Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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