Lecture 9 (The Heart) Flashcards
Where does heart lie? How is its covering called?
In the mediastinum, behind the body of the body of the sternum between the points of attachment of ribs two through 6.
Its covering is called the Pericardium
What is pericarditis? Describe it
- Inflammation of the pericardium
- Pain in the sternum
- Roughens the serous membrane surfaces
- Heart rubs against pericardial sac → creaking sound → pericardial friction rub
What can pericarditis lead to?
To cardiac tamponade
A large amounts of inflammatory fluid seep into the pericardial cavity
Compresses the heart → limits blood pumping
What are the three layers of the heart wall? Describe them.
- Epicardium: outer layer
- Myocardium: middle layer of heart (compresses the heart cavities, and the blood, and the blood within them, with great force, thick)
- Endocardium: inner layer (lines the heart & vessels of the cardio. system, delicate)
What are the names of the 4 chambers of the heart?
- Right Atrium
- Left Atrium
- Right Ventricle
- Left Ventricule
Where are situated the atria? What are their main functions?
- 2 superior chambers
- Receiving chambers (receive blood from veins)
- Contract and relax to receive blood and then push it into ventricles.
Where are situated the ventricules? What are their main functions?
- 2 lower chambers
- Pumping chambers (push blood into the large network of vessels)
- Great force must be generated to pump the blood a large distance
What can be said about the thickness of the ventricles?
The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle
What is the main function of Atrioventricular valves? What are the 2 types of Atrioventricular valves? Describe them
Prevent blood from flowing back into the atria from the ventricles when the ventricles contract.
- Tricuspid valve (Right AV): Guards the right atrioventricular orifice, has 3 cusps (flaps), chordae tendinae
- Bicuspid, or mitral valve (Left AV): has 2 flaps
What is the main function of Semilunar valves? What are the 2 types of semilunar valves? Describe them
Half-moon-shaped flaps growing out from the lining of the pulmonary artery and aorta prevent blood backflow from the aorta and pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary valve: valve at entrance of the pulmonary artery
- Aortic valve: valve at entrance of the aorta
Name 5 valve disorders
- Stenosed valves
- Incompetent valves
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Aortic regurgitation
Explain the stenosed valves disease
Valves that are narrower than normal. Slow blood flow from a heart chamber.
Explain the Incompetent valves disease
Leaky valves=some blood gets back to the chamber from which it came
Explain the incompetent mitral valve prolapse disease
- Condition affecting the bicuspid valve
- Genetic or can result from rheumatic fever or other causes
- Flaps extend back into the left atrium → incompetence
- Most cases are asymptomatic
Explain the aortic regurgitation disease
- Leaky aortic semilunar valve
- Blood flows back into the left ventricle
Explain the procedure of valvuloplasty
Procedure to replace damaged valves
Artificial valves or valves from other mammals
What is the contraction of the heart called? What is the relaxation of the heart called?
Contraction: Systole
Relaxation: Diastole
What’s an angiography? How does it work?
Special type of radiography used to visualize arteries.
Radiopaque dye a substance that cannot be penetrated by x rays is injected into an artery to better visualize vessels that would otherwise be invisible in a radiograph. As the dye circulates , the angiogram will show the outline of the arteries.
Angiogram of an artery: arteriogram
Angiogram of veins: venogram or phlebogram
Explain the coronary bypass surgery
Common treatment for severely restricted coronary artery blood flow
Veins are “harvested” of removed from other areas of the body and used to bypass partial blockages in coronary arteries.
Coronary angioplasty also may be used to treat blockages to coronary blood flow.
What happens to a person that suffers from angina pectoris?
Severe chest pain that occurs when the myocardium is deprived of adequate oxygen.
- warning sign=coronary arteries are no longer able to supply enough blood and oxygen to the heart muscle
Atherosclerosis! What is it?
Type of “hardening of the arteries” in which lipids and other sustances build up on the inside wall of blood vessels.
What is a Myocardial infraction (MI)?
- Death of ischemic heart muscle cells can occur (Heart Attack)
- Common cause of death during middle and late adulthood
- Recovery possible if the amount of heart tissue damaged was small enough
What happens if a blood clot plugs one of the coronary arteries?
No or very little blood reaches heart muscle cells, cells become deprived of oxygen (ischemic).
Frequently occurs in coronary thrombosis or embolism
