Lecture 1 Flashcards
Introduction to the Human Body
What is biology?
Branch of science that studies living things
Anatomy and physiology are subdivisions of biology. Define anatomy.
The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another.
Anatomy and physiology are subdivisions of biology. Define physiology.
Science that studies body functions
What are the 6 levels of Organization?
1) Chemical Level
2) Cellular Level
3) Tissue Level
4) Organ Level
5) System Level
6) Organismal Level
Define the Chemical Level
The chemical level includes atoms and molecules. Molecules combine to form structures at the next level.
Define the Cellular Level
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Many different types of cells in the human body. Cells contain special structures called organelles that have specific functions.
Define the Tissue Level
Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
Define the Organ Level
Different tissues join together to make organs. organs usually have a recognizable shape, are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions.
Define the Organ System Level and give examples of systems
Group of organs that perform a specific function.
Ex: Digestive system (involves stomach, intestine, pancreas)
Define the Organismal Level
Largest level of organization. All the system of the body combine to make up one human being.
What are the 4 basic types of tissue in the human body?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
Examples of organs
Brain, Heart, Liver, Stomach
How many organ systems are there in the human body?
11 principal organ systems
Define emergent properties
New properties present at one level that are not present in the previous level.
What does anatomical position mean?
Precise use of language to define position, direction, and location in the body.
Define the concept of directional terms
Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another. Directional terms have relative meanings.
Define and give an example of the directional term: Lateral
Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane.
Ex: The lungs are lateral to the heart
Define and give an example of the directional term: Proximal
Near to the attachment of a limb.
Ex: The humerus is proximal to the radius
Define and give an example of the directional term: Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb
Ex: The fingers are distal to the wrist
Define and give an example of the directional term: Superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body.
Ex: The ribs are superficial to the lungs.
Define and give an example of the directional term: Deep
Away from the surface of the body.
Ex: The ribs are deep to the skin.
Define and give an example of the directional term: Superior
Toward the head or upper part of a structure.
Ex: The heart is superior to the liver
Define and give an example of the directional term: Inferior
Away from the head or lower part.
Ex: Stomach is inferior to the lungs.
Define and give an example of the directional term: Anterior
Near to the front.
Ex: The sternum is anterior to the heart.
