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General Biology I > lecture 9: the genome > Flashcards

lecture 9: the genome Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the genome and where do we find it?

A
  • Collection (“ome”) of an organism’s DNA

- Found in one or more chromosomes

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2
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Used to display the chromosomes of a genome (colors to identify)

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3
Q

Where to find the total genome of an organism?

A
  • Majority of genome = in nucleus —> “nuclear genome”

- But also in mitochondrion and chloroplasts (plants)

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4
Q

What does the genome contain?

A
  • Contains units of information called GENES & informations on HOW to use them
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5
Q

How do we developed from zygote to adult and why do humans are different traits?

A

Different expression of our genes in a genetic program controls our development from zygote to adult —> giving rise to various specialized cells

  • Traits are inherited from parents
  • Because of changes in our gene expression —> leads to different traits, even though all humans have same human-like characteristics
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6
Q

Do all cells express all genes?

A

No: all cells have same genome, but depending on cell type, they only express a SUBSET of the genes in the genome

  • They have a unique development program and gene expression pattern
  • Depends on function —> specialized for various functions
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7
Q

Do all cells in the body contain the same genes/DNA and the same proteins?

A
  • Virtually yes, because all cells originate form the zygote( fertilized egg)
  • Not the same proteome —> depends of function of cells
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8
Q

How does the functions of the cell correlate with its cell structure (3 elements)?

A
  1. Cell characteristics (shape)
  2. Organelle characteristics
  3. Proteome (collection of proteins)
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9
Q

What are chromosomes made of and what are they?

A
  • Made of chromatin (dynamic structure) and DNA

- Vehicles of heredity

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10
Q

Chromosome structure?

A
  • X-like structure = true definition of chromosome —> only seen during cell division
  • Telomere = 4 ends of X
  • Centromere = center
  • Kinetochore = physical machinery to separate chromosome —> specific region on centromere
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11
Q

What is the haploid number?

A

Number of chromosomes types in genome (variable n)

  • Varies among species
  • Higher n ≠ More complex/ larger
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12
Q

What is “ploidy”?

A

Number of complete sets of chromosomes in genome

- Haploidy (n), DIPLOIDY (2n), Polyploidy

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13
Q

Why do humans have a diploid genome?

A

Inherit one copy of each chromosome from each parent

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in humans and their ploidy?

A
  1. Somatic (body) cells: diploid = 2n = 46 chromosomes

2. Gametes (sex cells): haploid = n = 23 chromosomes

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15
Q

What are two sister chromatids?

A

2 identical copies of 1 chromosomes —> 1 replicated chromosomes (2 identical chromosomes from 1 parent)

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16
Q

What make two chromosomes “two nonsister chromatids” or “homologous chromosomes”?

A
  1. Same length
  2. Same centromere position
  3. Same genes at same positions
  4. Same staining pattern
17
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of a gene

  • EX: allele that contributes to brown eyes vs allele that contributes to green eyes
  • Contribute to different traits
18
Q

What are the 2 kinds of genotype?

A
  1. Heterozygous = 2 different versions of allele

2. Homozygous = same version of allele

19
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Combination of alleles that you have

20
Q

What are autosomal chromosomes (autosomes)?

A

Non-sex chromosomes

- 22 pairs of autosomes in human genome

21
Q

What are sex chromosomes (in humans)?

A
  • 1 pair of sex chromosomes in human
  • Determine sex using one of many sex-determination systems
  • Mammals use XY sex-determination system
  • X chromosome = have genes that have nothing to do with sex (because both sex have X chromosome)
  • X and Y chromosomes = homologous during cell division even though they have different characteristics
22
Q

What do genes do? (2)

A
  • Encodes blueprints (directions) to make a specific polypeptide
  • Carry information that determines sequences of amino acids in protein & consequently the higher order structure and its function
23
Q

How does genetic code/ “language” work?

A
  • Analogous to language

- Use the 4 bases (AUCG) to create 61 three-letter codons that are then translated into amino acids

24
Q

What are gene expression’s 3 transformations and 2 steps?

A

DNA (gene) —> RNA (mRNA) —> Protein (polypeptide)

  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
25
Q

What are the 3 major players in transcription?

A
  1. Gene (template)
  2. RNA polymerase (enzyme; catalyst that helps to build RNA)
  3. Ribonucleotides (building blocks) —> AUCG
26
Q

How does transcription happen?

A

DNA template strand —> With help of RNA polymerase —> Transcription of RNA from DNA (same language T—>U)
END PRODUCT = a Messenger RNA (mRNA)

27
Q

How long is a word in the genetic code?

A
  • 3 nucleotides specify a single amino acid
28
Q

How many kinds of amino acids are used in cells?

A

20

29
Q

What consists of the genetic code?

A
  • 64 possible codons with 4 nucleotide types
  • 3 nucleotides per codon
  • 1 START codon = AUG (Met)
  • 3 stop codons
30
Q

The genetic code is redundant, but not ambiguous. Why?

A
  1. Redundant, because multiple codons code for SAME amino acid
  2. Not ambiguous, because same codons codes are always used in the same ways —> one codon code for one amino aicd
31
Q

What is the problem when it comes to translate mRNA to a sequence of amino acids, and what is the solution?

A
  • Problem: amino acids do not use complimentary nucleotides —> RNA and polypeptides are different languages
  • Solution: use tRNA as ADAPTERS
32
Q

How does tRNA translate mRNA’s codons to amino acids?

A

Each tRNA has a specific ANTICODON that can bind to a specific codon —> attached to amino aicd that corresponds to that anticodon
- With help of ribosomes, tRNAs decode 3 nucleotides at a time (1 codon)

33
Q

Ribosome structure?

A

Large complex of polypeptides and ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) found free in cytoplasm OR attached to specific organelles
- one large and one small subunit

34
Q

Ribosome 3 functions?

A
  1. Large and small subunits assemble on mRNA and INITIATES translation at AUG start codon
  2. Provides a site (small space shaped as tRNA) for incoming tRNAS to read appropriate codon
  3. Catalyzes (accelerates) reaction that forms bond between amino acid on the tRNA and the growing chain of amino acids
35
Q

What are the 4 major players in translation?

A
  1. mRNA (message)
  2. Ribosome (catalyst)
  3. Transfer RNAs (tRNA; decoders)
  4. Amino acids ( building blocks) —> to make polypeptide
36
Q

How does translation happens?

A

Ribosome assemble on AUG start codon on mRNA —> tRNA attaches to codons to read message (with anticodon) —> Translate 1 codon at the time to create 1 amino acid —> Ribosome and tRNA moves down the mRNA until stop codon —> Create chain of amino acids
END PRODUCT = polypeptide

37
Q

Genotype vs Phenotype

A

Specific genotype contributes to specific phenotype (but also other factors like environment)

  • Genotype = combination of alleles
  • Phenotype = physical traits that are a product of proteins produced from gene expression (Gene —> mRNA —> Polypeptide)

General Biology I (19 decks)

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