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General Biology I > lecture 20: animals > Flashcards

lecture 20: animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecological roles?

A
  1. Consumers
  2. Predators/Prey
  3. Parasites/Hosts
  4. Mutualists

NOT primary producers, because there are no photosynthetic animals

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2
Q

Roles in human disease (2)

A
  1. Reservoirs (habitat of pathogens)

2. Vectors for pathogens (transport pathogens)

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3
Q

Morphology?

A

Multicellular: many have specialized tissues (organs) ,some type of skeleton, some are microscopic (still multicellular)

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4
Q

Mode of nutrition

A

All are chemoheterotrophs, MOST ingest food

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5
Q

Reproduction and development?

A

Sexual and/or asexual reproduction, Metomorphosis and ecdysis (molting)

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6
Q

Motility

A

Move under own power at some point in life cycle; Most = motile as adults

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7
Q

Structural features

A

Eukaryotic cells with no cell walls, bu extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) —> cells connected indirectly, many have muscle and nervous tissue —> communication between tissues

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8
Q

What is unique to animals?

A
  • Metamorphism
  • Ecdysis (molting)
  • No cell wall
  • ECM
  • Muscle and nervous tissue
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9
Q

History of animals (2)

A
  1. Cambrian explosion: rapid appearance of most in animal phyla (first animals were aquatic) 542 MYA
  2. Tetrapods evolved from a lobe-fin fish-like ancestor to colonize land 390 MYA
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10
Q

Choanoflagellate cells vs Sponge cells

A

Choanoflagellate = sessile protists, some are colonial
Sponge = multicellular sessile animals (attached to something)
—> Both have similar structure

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11
Q

Why are animals chemoheterotrophs?

A

Obtain organic nutrients from other organisms via:

  1. Ingestion and digestion
  2. Absorption (endoparasites)
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12
Q

How do animals ingest food?

A
  1. Suspension feeders: aquatic, filter materials in water
  2. Deposit feeders: digging in soil
  3. Fluid feeders: plants, mutualism with ants
  4. Mass feeders: consume other animals
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13
Q

Description of animals’ organ systems

A
  • Respiratory system, Circulatory system, Digestive system, Excretory system, etc —> different types of each systems exist in animals
  • Digestive system: to digest food that they ingest
  • Need systems to efficiently exchange materials within the body and with environment
  • Exchange systems + circulatory system —> transport nutrients, wastes & respiratory gases to different part of body
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14
Q

How are why (3) animals move/use locomotion?

A 
Move with their own power at some point during their lifetime
3 functions:
1. Finding food
2. Finding mates
3. Escaping predators

Movement with simple structures (cilia, flagella), but also complex limbs with muscles attached to hard skeleton

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15
Q

Why do animals use skeletons? 4 types?

A

Support, protection and movement

  1. Spicules in sponges
  2. Exoskeletons
  3. Endoskeleton
  4. Hydroskeleton (made of water)
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16
Q

How do animals reproduce?

A

Diverse ways to reproduce

  1. Only asexually (Rare)
  2. Only sexually (humans)
  3. Both ways depending on environment
  4. Hermaphrodites (sexual reproduction while having both male and female sexual organs)
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17
Q

Methods of asexual reproduction in animals? (3)

A
  1. Fragmentation and regeneration: animal body fragments and each piece becomes a clone of parent OR piece of parent is detached and it grows and develops into a clone
    —> Study of stem cells and to regenerate our tissues (for medicine)
  2. Fission and budding: new clones grow out from parent organism —> elongates and separates from parent
  3. Parthnogenesis: development of unfertilized egg into offspring in females (not always clones)
18
Q

Types of fertilization during sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Internal: via copulatory organ —> important adaptation to reproduction in land —> to protect male gametes and prevents its desiccation
  2. External —> ex: sperm released in water
19
Q

Two types of development after sexual reproduction

A
  1. Oviparous: species lay eggs outside to develop independently of mother —> vast majority of animals
  2. Viviparous: species retain embryos in female’s body during development —> live birth
20
Q

Metamorphosis? 2 types?

A

Change from immature body type to adult body type

  1. Hemimetabolous (incomplete): immature body = smaller versions of adults, eat same food
  2. Holometabolous (complete): larvae stage —> different from adults, eat different food, then become adults
21
Q

Ecdysis?

A

Shed stiff cuticle (Exoskeleton) as they grow and produce anew one to fit the bigger body
- Arthropods and nematodes (round worms) develop with ecdysis
“molting” = shedding of exoskeleton

22
Q

Description of sexual reproduction in water (2)

A

Aquatic species: don’t have to worry about drying out of gametes

  1. Aquatic species lay unfertilized egg cells in water (eggs and sperm released in water)
  2. External fertilization (can do internal too, but more for land)
23
Q

Description sexual reproduction on land (3)

A
  1. Internal fertilization:
    - Direct transfer of sperm during copulation
    - Indirect transfer of sperm via spermatophore (sperm packet) produced by male and transferred into female
  2. Ovipary via amniotic eggs: reptiles, birds, egg-laying mammals lay amniotic eggs on land’
  3. Vivipary: viviparous mammals retain embryo within body during development —> live birth
24
Q

What is an amniotic egg? (7) Functions? (2)

A
  • Watertight shell enclosing:
    1. Water supply: Albumen (also provides mechanical support)
    2. Food supply: Yolk sac
    3. Gas exchange surface: Chorion
    4. Waster repository for embryo: Allantois
    5. Amnion that contains embryo
    6. Amniotic fluid
    7. Extra embryonic membranes: create compartments with different functions
  • Nourishes developing embryo with organic compounds and water
  • Protects embryo from: desiccation, mechanical shock, accumulation of harmful waste products
25
Q

Advantages of vivipary? (3) and 1 disadvantage

A
  1. Offspring develop a more constant, favorable temp
  2. Better protected
  3. Portable (not tied to nest)
  4. Limited amount of offspring born while you can produce more eggs
26
Q

What are therian mammals?

A
  • Viviparous

- Have membranes that develop along embryo in uterus

27
Q

What do those membrane compartments in therian mammals provide?

A
  1. Nutrition (metatherians)

2. Protection from: desiccation and mechanical shock

28
Q

What are eutherian (true placental) mammals

A

Have membranes, but also placenta that connects embryo to mother’s blood for exchange

29
Q

Placenta functions (4)?

A
  1. Delivery of oxygen and nutrients
  2. Removal of carbon dioxide and wastes
  3. Delivery of some antibodies
  4. Production of hormones
30
Q

Describe what one would see in uterus of a viviparous mother

A

Uterus —> Placenta —> Chorion —> Amnion —> Amniotic fluid —> Embryo + Yolk sac (vestigial bc no nutrients in it)

  • No allantois as waste goes to mother
  • These extra embryonic membranes and compartments = evolutionarily related to amniotic egg
31
Q

Why phylum do we belong to?

A
  • Chordata —> we are chordates
  • More than 90% of known chordate species (fish, birds, reptiles…) = vertebrates (vertebral column + skull)
  • Also include some invertebrates
32
Q

What is common is all chordates? (4)

A

Presence of 4 morphological features in mature body form or temporarily during development (larvae/embryo stage)

  1. Pharyngeal gill slits
  2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord (in nervous system)
  3. Notochord (spinal cord)
  4. Muscular, post-anal tail
33
Q

What are vertebrates? Common features? Examples?

A
  • Important large-bodied consumers in aquatic and terrestrial environments
  • Extensive endoskeleton made of cartilage/bone that makes up cranium and vertebral column that protect central nervous system
  • Birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, mammals
34
Q

What are tetrapods?

A
  • Type of chordate
  • Have four legs
  • Semi-aquatic or terrestrial
  • Frogs, salamanders, mammals, turtles, birds
35
Q

Which class do we belong to?

A

Class Mammalia —> we are mammals

  • Monophyletic group with 3 lineages:
    1. Monotremata
    2. Marsupiala
    3. Eutheria
36
Q

3 distinguishing characteristics of mammals?

A
  1. Hair/fur: for insulation
  2. Endothermy: regulate body temp. with internally generated heat
  3. Mammary glands: lactation (milk)
37
Q

Did birds share a more recent common ancestor with reptiles or mammals?

A

Reptiles

- Mammals = convergent evolution because similar lifestyle (use muscle and internal regulation of body temp.)

38
Q

What are monotremes? 5 species & characteristics?

A
  • Most ancient group of mammals living today
  • 5 living species: platypus and 4 species of echidna found only in Australia
  • Lay eggs, low metabolic rates, cloaca (cavity at end of digestive system to excrete waste & carry out reproduction) like reptiles
  • Leathery beak or bill
  • Platypuses feed on small animals in streams
  • Echidnas feed on ants, termites, earthworms
  • Platypuses lay eggs in burrow
  • Echidnas keep eggs in pouch on belly
39
Q

What are marsupials?

A
  • 275 known species live in Australia + Americas
  • Females have placenta, but young are poorly developed after short embryonic period —> continue development in pouch where they are attached to mother’s nipple & suck milk
  • Stay attached to mother until grew large enough to move independently
40
Q

What are eutherians?

A
  • Placental mammals—> fully develop in placenta
  • 4300 species worldwide
  • Most species-rich and morphologically diverse group of mammals
  • Humans

General Biology I (19 decks)

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