Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Sciences > Lecture 9 - Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stimuli potentially available to animals and human and what type are they

A 
Mechanical
Chemical
Photic
Thermal
Pain
Kinestheia 
External stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is receptor for chemical stimuli and what does it detect

A

Chemoreceptor

Taste, smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is receptor for mechanical stimuli and what does it detect

A

Mechanoreceptors

Touch, hearing, balance and acceleration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is receptor for photic stimuli and what does it detect

A

Photoreceptors

Vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is receptor for thermal stimuli and what does it detect

A

Thermoreceptors

Hot/cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is receptor for pain stimuli and what does it detect

A 
Nocireceptors 
Various ( chemical, mechanical etc )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is receptor for kinestheia stimuli and what does it detect

A

Proprioreceptors

Various ( muscle spindles etc )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does stimuli cause

A

Small depolarisation in receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the types of internal stimuli

A

Mechanical - baroreceptors

Chemical - Blood O2, /CO2, glucose etc = control levels of respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

Stretch receptors in the aoritc arch and cartoid body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are mechanoreceptors sensitive to

A

Diameter of arteries = informed of blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is magnetoreception and what animals use it and why

A

Animal like birds and fish percieve the Earth’s magnetic field
Used for navigation ( magnetoreception ) - allows them to migrate, know where abouts in world they are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What non - human animals use mechanoreceptors and why

A

Aquatic animals such as fish and some amphibia have lateral lines ( side of fish ) to sense water movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is electroreception and what animals use it and why

A

Sharks can detect fish buried in sea by detecting their electric fields - sense electricity/electrical signal - action potentials
- allows them to migrate, know where abouts in world they are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What wavelength of light do we see

A

We see from about 400nm ( violet ) to 750nm ( red )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What wavelength of light do animals see

A

Fish, birds and insects see UV

Snakes and beetles sensitive in infrared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are all these examples of

A

Sensory receptors - senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is role of sensory receptors and what is the term called

A

Converting sensory stimulus to neurobiological activity

Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is flow chart of stimulus to CNS

A

Stimulus - transduction - receptor potential - action potential - CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does a stimulus cause

A

Change in membrane permeability = receptor potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is receptor potential result of

A

Change in membrane permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does receptor potential cause

A

Action potential - signal to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is action potential carried to

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens if threshold reached

A 
Action potential 
( opens Na+ channels - small depolarisation )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the same here

A

Receptor cell and sensory neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many cells in each nostril that are sensitive to smelll

A

5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens to most sensory cells

A

Most Die eventually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is receptor in smell and what is it

A

Olfactory receptor

Sensory neuron - stimulated directly by odor molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is stimuli in smell and what does it activate

A

Odour molecule

Sensory neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens to the odour molecule

A

Dissolves in nasal mucus
Binds to receptors covering cilia on surface of bipolar olfactory neurons
Opens ion channels
Action potential in receptor - transmitted to brain ( cranial nerve )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does cranial nerve do

A

Take information from nose to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to olfactory receptors

A

Regenerate ( replaced ) by epithelial cells - turn into new sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Summary of smell

A

Molecule to nose
Chemicals dissolve in mucus
Sensory cells = bipolar neurons - surface = cilia = increase SA. 2 processes coming out
Molecule onto protein receptor - Na channel - Na into bipolar neuron = action potential - CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What doesnt generate action potential

A

Specialised receptor cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which synapses generate action potential

A

Synapses with sensory neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is gustatory receptor

A

Specialised receptor cell involving specialised cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where are our 10,000 taste buds located

A

On raised papillae of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is receptor potential

A

When a receptor cell produces a small depolarisation only in sensory cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many cells is taste bud made of

A

60 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does a small depolarisation trigger

A

Action potential in sensory neuron - CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the base of the receptor cell

A

Sensory neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do the molecules/food do

A

Dissolves in saliva

Latches onto protein receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do different regions of the tongue respond to

A

The four different qualities that make up all tastes

Sensitive to different ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does an accessory structure do

A

Modifies stimulus before it hits receptor cell and determines what receptor cell is sensitive to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Examples of accessory structures

A

Membrane ( hearing )

Vestibular system e.g. hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are tactile receptors/receptor cells associated with

A

Accessory structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does function of sensory receptors of skin depend on

A

Nature of accessory structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is sound

A

Pressure waves in air / variations in air pressure ( perceived by cells in ear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Transduction of ear

A

Ears turn sound into neurobiological signals the brain can interpret

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What do ears turn sound into

A

neurobiological signals the brain can interpret

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What produces pure sounds

A

Tuning fork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is hearing

A

Turning sound into electrical activity within ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

When is air moved out

A

High pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

When is air moved in

A

Low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What happens when pressure makes membrane vibrate

A

Air pushed in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does different notes produce

A

Different notes/objects - different frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What do pure notes combine to form

A

More complex sounds ( sound quality )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Which notes are more frequent - higher or lower

A

Higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Which notes are less frequent - higher or lower

A

Lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is acuity

A

Tell 2 sounds apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are most sounds

A

Not pure notes - combination of pure notes forming more complex sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the 3 regions of ear

A
  • Outer ear
  • Middle ear
  • Inner ear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What does outer ear consist of

A

Ear canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What does middle ear consist of

A

Stapes
Incus
Malleus
Ear drum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What does inner ear consist of

A

Cochlea

Semicircular canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Where is pinna found

A

Outer ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is role of pinna

A

Serves to channel sound into the external auditory meatus ( tube - you stick your finger in )
Takes sound to tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is tympanic membrane

A

Ear drum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What happens when sound impinges on tympanic membrane

A

Vibrates

These vibrations are transferred by middle ear to cause movement of oval window - movement of fluid in inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What happens to tympanic membrane in areas of high pressure

A

It moves in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What happens to tympanic membrane in areas of low pressure

A

It moves out

72
Q

What happens during beginning of transduction

A

Turns changes in air pressure into movement of tympanic membrane

73
Q

What do you need to convert movement of tympanic membrane into and why is this hard

A

Fluid movement in inner ear

Harder than in air because fluid is resistant to movement

74
Q

What is oval window

A

Junction to inner ear

75
Q

What is middle ear filled with

A

Air

76
Q

What are the 3 bones in the middle ear

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapus
77
Q

What do the 3 bones of middle ear do

A

Transfer vibration of tympanic membrane to the oval window

78
Q

What does the Eustacean tube do

A

Connect the middle of ear to the Nasopharynx =equalises pressure of middle ear to atmospheric pressure

79
Q

What is nasopharynx

A

Back of throat

80
Q

What can 2 muscles do and how is this done

A

Freeze the bones of the middle ear = protects against loud sounds = turns off hearing.
When muscles contract = stops being transmitted - ossicles held solid - cant transfer vibrations

81
Q

What is size of pressure changes in sound

A

Tiny

82
Q

What do pressure changes in sound result in

A

Very small vibrations of tympanic membrane, however….

vibrations of tympanic membrane must cause fluid movement in inner ear - requires much greater pressure change

83
Q

What is role of middle ear

A

Amplify movement of tympanic ( sound ) membrane - acts as impedance matching device
Takes small vibrations of tympanic membrane and turns it into large vibrations of oval window

84
Q

What are 2 ways to amplify movement of tympanic membrane

A
  1. Pressure on tympanic membrane is spread over a large SA. The area of the oval window is much smaller, concentrating pressure = more effective ( bigger movements )
  2. Middle ear ossicle acts as a lever system = small movements amplified
85
Q

What happens as atmospheric pressure lowers

A

Tympanic membrane bows out - curves in in higher pressure

86
Q

What does the valsalva membrane do

A

Equalises pressure in middle ear and atmosphere

87
Q

What does Eustacean tube do and why

A

Equalises pressure

Want pressure outside ear to be same as pressure inside ear otherwise tympanic membrane won’t work properly

88
Q

What does inner ear do

A

Subserves both auditory and vestibular functions

Bony systems of tubes

89
Q

What does inner ear consist of

A

Bony labyrinth filled with perilymph ( fluid ) suspended in which a membranous labyrinth containing endolymph

90
Q

Endolymph

A
  • Fluid

- Lots of K+

91
Q

What is inner ear divided into

A

Cochlea ( coiled )
Vestibule ( bony )
3 semi - circular canals

92
Q

What is coiled cochlea

A

Snailed like structure ( hearing )

93
Q

What is vestibule

A

Containing membranous saccule and utricle ( vestibular )

94
Q

Semi circular canals

A

Orientated in 3 planes of space - coming of membranous sacs

95
Q

What is ampulla

A

Where the semi - circular canals join onto utricle = swelling

96
Q

How is cochela divided

A

Internally by membranes that run length of cochlea

97
Q

What is cochlea divided into

A
  • Upper chamber - Scala Vestibule
  • Lower chamber - Scala tympani
  • Third chamber - Scala media
98
Q

What contains organ of corti

A

Scala media

99
Q

What is scala media filled with

A

Endolymph

100
Q

What is Scala Vestibule and Scala tympani filled with

A

Perilymph

101
Q

Where do Scala Vestibule and Scala tympani join

A

Helicotrema - tip of cochlea

102
Q

What happens when stapes is pushed in

A

Movement of perilymph in scala vestibule - transferred to scala tympani = causes round window to bulge out

103
Q

What does vestibular membrane do

A

Seperates scala vestibule from scala media

104
Q

What does organ of corti sit on and what does that do

A

Basement membrane

Divides scala media from scala tympani

105
Q

What is organ of corti

A

4 rows of hair cells ( cells with cilia on top - sensory cells) resting on basilar membrane

106
Q

What is on top of cilia and what is it known as

A

Tectorial membrane

Accessory structure

107
Q

What is the cilia on top known as

A

Stereocilia

108
Q

What are stereocilia on surface of hair cells embedded into

A

Gelatinous membrane - tectorial membrane = accessory structure ( on top of cilia )

109
Q

What are the superficial stereocilia

A

Sensory receptors, innervated by sensory neurons

110
Q

What does sensory neuron do

A

Produce action potential

111
Q

What does sensory cell cause

A

Small depolarisation

112
Q

Which part of membrane vibrates most to high frequencies and why

A

Basilar membrane

Smaller and more taut near stapes

113
Q

What kind of frequencies are produced further from stapes

A

Wider and looser

114
Q

What responds to lower frequencies

A

Basilar membrane

115
Q

What kind of frequencies are produced closer to stapes

A

Higher frequencies

116
Q

Do points on basilar membrane vibrate at same frequencies

A

No - different

117
Q

What happens to stereocilia at rest

A

Embedded in tectorial membrane - unbent - sensory neurons firing few actions potentials

118
Q

What happens when basilar membrane rise/go up and why

A

Stereocilia bent

Due to mass of tectorial membrane

119
Q

Why does basilar membrane rise

A

Due to travelling wave initiated by a sound

120
Q

What happens when basilar membrane falls/goes down and why

A

Stereocilia also subject to shearing force but in opposite direction

121
Q

Why does stereocilia bend

A

Due to hair cells pushed against heavy accessory structure

122
Q

What does bending of hair cells cause

A

Receptor potential

123
Q

What happens if stereocilia is bent one way

A

They depolarise, firing rate of action potential increases, basement membrane goes up

124
Q

What happens if stereocilia is bent other way

A

They hyperpolairse, firing rate of action potential decreases, basement membrane goes down

125
Q

Why do these cells work

A

Cilia are stuck in accessory structure - if not there - they’d just go up and down - never stimulated

126
Q

What are stereocilia bathed in

A

Endolymph

127
Q

What happens when stereocilia is bent

A

Opens K+ channels = K+ enters hair cell down its conc gradient and depolarises it
Depolarisation

128
Q

Summary of depolarisation hair cell

A

Basement membrane up - cilia bends - opens K+ channels = K+ flows in hair cell - depolarises

129
Q

How are cilia attached

A

By threads and the bending physically opens up ion channel

130
Q

Role of outer ear

A

Collects the sound and channels it to the tympanic membrane = vibrates

131
Q

Role of middle ear

A

Amplifies the sound

Vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval wind

132
Q

Role of inner ear

A

Low frequency sound stimulate hair cells distant from the stapes, while high frequency sounds stimulate hair cells close to the stapes. The pattern of hair cells stimulated allows the brain to ‘interpret the sound as any given sound stimulates a specific combination of hair cells.

133
Q

How can sounds be localised

A

Time of arrival differences

Intensity differences

134
Q

What is conduction deafness

A

Sound not conducted to middle of ear, wax, middle ear inflammation, sclerosis of ossicle etc.

135
Q

What is sensineural deafness

A

damage to neural structures such as hair cell damage, damage to 8th nerve etc.

136
Q

What is sinnitus

A

Continuous ringing/clicking sound in abscence of auditory stimuli

137
Q

What is the vestibular system

A

This forms the basis of our sense of balance and acceleration.

138
Q

What is the vestibular system

A

This forms the basis of our sense of balance and acceleration.

139
Q

What modalities does balance involve

A

tactile receptors in contact with the floor
vision
but without the information about movement and head position provided by the vestibular system these are insufficient

140
Q

What happens if vestibular system is not working

A

Can’t keep balance

141
Q

Is vestibular system conscious or unconscious

A

unconscious

142
Q

What does vestibular system control

A

aspects of our eye movements

143
Q

What does vestibular system tell you

A

Where head is in space and how head is moving

144
Q

What makes upp vestibular system

A

The utricle, saccule and semi-circular canals

145
Q

What is structure of vestibular sensory hair cells

A

The membranous labyrinth of the vestibular system is lined with epithelial cells.
In some areas these cells are modified into sensory hair cells ( receptor cells )
The surface of the hair cells contain cilia, one of which is at the side of the cell and is larger (kinocilium)
The base of the hair
cell joins a sensory neuron
Morphologically and physiologically polarised ( lobsided )

146
Q

What happens if stereocilia are bent towards kinocilium

A

depolarise, and the afferent firing rate increases.

147
Q

What happens if stereocilia are bent away from kinocilium

A

kinocilium afferent firing rate decreases

148
Q

When is sensory neuron tonically active

A

At rest

149
Q

What is meant by physiologically polarised

A

React differently depending which way you bend cilia

150
Q

What is meant by morphologically polarised

A

Structurally one side of cell different to other

the kinocillium is always on the edge of the cell

151
Q

Bid side of cilia

A

Kinocilium

152
Q

Other side of cilia

A

Opposite side to kinocillium

153
Q

Where are hair cells in semi - circular canals found

A

in the ampullae

154
Q

Where do hair cells in semi - circular canals sit

A

On a ridge/crest

155
Q

What is cilia embedded in

A

gelatinous cupula (that completely blocks the canal)

156
Q

Where are kinocillia on semi - circular hair cells

A

On the side facing the vestibule

side nearest the utricle

157
Q

What fills whole ampullae

A

Cupula

158
Q

What is bony labyrinth part of and what does that cause

A

part of the skull, so when the head moves so do the semi-circular canals

159
Q

What happens when head it still

A

the hair cells are not bent, as the endolymph and skull are not moving

160
Q

What happens when we turn head one way

A

The semi-circular canals will rotate in the same direction. The endolymph, however, will relatively move in the opposite direction (in fact, due to inertia it stays more or less in the same place). This endolymph will push against the cupula and bend the hair cells

161
Q

What happens if you move head to left

A

Semi circular canal: to left
Endolymph ( fluid ) to right
They are opposite
The kinocillia in the left semi-circular canal will be bent towards the vestibule (excited), those on the right will be bent away from the vestibule (inhibited).

162
Q

What can CNS determine

A

From the relative activity of all 6 semi-circular canals the CNS can determine the direction of movement

163
Q

What type of acceleration do semi - circular canals respond to

A

Angular acceleration

Not respond to linear motion or constant speed

164
Q

What happens in angular acceleration

A

With constant rotation the endolymph will catch up with the bony labyrinth and hair cells will no longer be stimulated.
When rotation ceases we get dizzy as relative endolymph movement is reversed.

165
Q

Where are hair cells in vestibule located and what are these areas known as

A

one area in the utricle and one in the saccule

Maculae

166
Q

What is utricle and saccule

A

Two bags in middle of bony labyrinth

167
Q

What directions is macula in saccule

A

Vertical

168
Q

What direction is macula in utricle

A

Horizontal

169
Q

What are cilia embedded in

A

In a dense otolithic membrane = heavy

170
Q

What do kinocilia in macula face

A

Striola

171
Q

What happens if all hair cells are bent in a given direction

A

some will be excited and some inhibited.
Different directions of bending will stimulate/inhibit different populations of hair cells
Brain figuire out which way cilia is pushed knowing which hair cells is activated/inhibited

172
Q

What acceleration do otolithic organs respond to

A

Linear acceleration

173
Q

What happens when you bend head down

A

Otolithic membrane moves down = bend cilia = depolarisation in some and inhibited in others

174
Q

What acceleration detects gravity

A

Linear

175
Q

What are causes of vestibular dysfunction

A

Lesions (either traumatic or by, for example, a tumour or an aneurysm) affecting the 8th cranial nerve. A good example is acoustic neuroma.
Ménière’s disease is an idiopathic condition of the inner ear related to endolymph ‘leakage’ (hydrops).
Labyrinthitis is an inflammation of the inner ear following a viral infection

176
Q

When is receptor not a depolarisation

A

Vertebrate vision

Biological Sciences (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions