Lecture 3 - Organ systems Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system

A

Water regulation and
nitrogenous waste
disposal system.
FUNCTIONS:
•Filters blood to extract metabolic waste and maintain acid – base and mineral balance
•Regulate production of red blood cells
STRUCTURE:
-Kidneys: Regulate total body water volume.Regulate ion concentrations in extracellular fluids.Excrete metabolic wastes, drugs, toxins
-Ureters: kidney  bladder
-Urinary bladder: temporary storage of urine
-Urethra: bladder  toilet (hopefully)

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2
Q

Reproductive system

A

Function:
To produce offspring…..
-form specialised cells (gametes)
-gametes must come together
-Genetic information combined – up to the woman
-Gestation and parturition – up to the woman
-The reproductive system
however lies dormant until puberty. Then kicks in a dictates a lot of our actions.

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3
Q

Respiratory system

A

Consists of air passageways: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs
FUNCTIONS:
•Exchange of O2 and CO2 with blood
•Regulation of acid – base balance
-Keeps you supplied with oxygen and gets rid of waste carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Digestive system

A

Organs:
Alimentary canal:
mouth, pharynx, eosophagus, stomach, small intestine, large instestine, then the anus.
Accessory digestive organs:
teeth, tongue, gall-bladder, and the digestive glands, salivary gland, liver and pancreas.
FUNCTIONS:
•The breaking down of ingested food into ‘useable’ nutrient molecules that can enter the cardiovascular or
lymphatic systems. Then it gets rid of indigestible remains (poo)

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5
Q

Skeletal system

A

-Consists of the bones and cartilage associated with joints
-Made mainly from connective tissue
FUNCTIONS:
•Protects and supports internal organs - forms internal scaffold
•Provides support and framework for muscles to act upon
•Contains bone marrow for blood cells to develop in
•Stores minerals e.g. calcium

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6
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

•Consists of blood ( carries blood), heart ( pumps blood) and blood vessels
Tissue types:
Muscle tissue (cardiac and smooth),
Connective tissue,
Epithelia (endothelium)
FUNCTIONS:
•Carries gases, waste, nutrients, hormones…
-Transports immune system cells (connective tissue

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7
Q

Endocrine system

A

•Includes endocrine organs e.g. adrenal gland
- Glands secrete hormones
FUNCTIONS:
•Influences metabolic activity through
hormone signaling.
-Essential for regulation of cellular Homeostasis (growth, metabolism,
reproduction)

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8
Q

Nervous system

A

•Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs e.g. eyes, ears e.t.c.
-The master controlling and communicating system of body
•Divided into:
 CNS – Brain and Spinal Cord
 Peripheral Nervous System –nerves, ganglia- link rest of body to CNS
FUNCTIONS:
•Detects changes in internal and external environment, encoding them into electrical impulses and transmitting them along the nerves
•Processes electrical impulses and making decisions – voluntary or involuntary
•Activating effectors = appropriate response – muscular movement or glandular secretions
-Regulates muscles and glands via
electrochemical impulses delivered by neurons

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9
Q

Lymphatic system

A

• Consists of lymphatic fluid ( lymph ), lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, lymph nodules and thymus
FUNCTIONS:
• Transporting various substances
 Takes lipids from GT tract to blood
 Transports proteins and fluids back to bloodstream
• Development of lymphocytes ( cells responsible for fighting disease )

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10
Q

Integumentary system

A
WHAT IS IT: Skin and the associated skin components e.g. hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and nails 
The water-proof, stretchable, washable 
and air-conditioned coat that 
automatically repairs itself.
Forms external body covering

FUNCTION:
• Protects the body from external environment – trauma, bacteria, viruses, UV rays skin = chemical, biological and physical barrrier. Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesis Vitamin D
• Protects underlying tissue against fluid loss
• Excretes metabolic waste via sweat
• Helps make vitamin D by UV light
• Detects pain, touch, dehydration and changes in temperature ( 80% heat lost through skin )
Stratum corneum – dead, flattened cells with keratin
Skin glands: lubricate skin
• Sebaceous glands – secrete sebum to soften skin and hair. Located in dermis. Open into hair follicles, some open directly onto skin.
• Sweat glands – secrete salt and water as swear – cool body. Embedded in dermis or hypodermis. Open into hair follicles, some open directly onto skin.
Two types: Merocrine and Aporcrine ( see bio lab sheet )
Hair: Control body temp
Nails: Protect skin
Sensory receptors: Relay info regarding touch, temp, pain to brain

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11
Q

Lymphatic system

A

-Soaks up escaped fluid, acts as a waste reservoir.
-Houses lymphocytes involved in immunity.
FUNCTIONS:
•Transporting various substances
Takes lipids from GT tract to blood
Transports proteins and fluids back to bloodstream
•Development of lymphocytes ( cells responsible for fighting disease )

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12
Q

Muscular system

A

-Consists of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
FUNCTIONS:
•Enables body to move by acting of opposing muscular contraction and relaxation
•Maintains posture
•Plays a role in thermoregulation - generate heat
- Stabilise joints

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13
Q

What does organ level allow

A

Complex functions become possible, fast task and reactions

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14
Q

E.g. stomach - how tissue types are relating

A

Internal lining - epithelial tissue ( simple columnar ) = secrete digestive juices ( enzymes ) = breaks things down
Stomach wall - mainly muscle ( smooth - involuntary ) - contracts and relaxes to churn - mechanical digestion - change shape of stomach
Stomach wall - connective tissue - supports muscle structure - hold everything together, binds epithelium to muscle
Nervous tissue - nerve fibres, signal muscle cells to change contraction rate, or stimulate more digestive juices secretion - tell epithelial cells when they need to secrete digestive juices or when muscle tissues

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15
Q

What is an organ system

A

series of organs all working together to accomplish common function

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16
Q

What is an organ

A

Discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types, that performs a specific function of the body.
Four tissue types come together

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17
Q

What are the 11 organ systems

A

Integumentrary system - external body covering
Respiratory system - gaseous exchange
Reproductive system - making and nurturing babies
Urinary system - waste disposal + water regulation
Lymphatic system - returns excess fluid to cardiovascular system, immunity
Endocrine system - regulation of homeostasis
Nervous system - fast acting control system
Skeletal system - supports and protects
Muscular system - movement and heat production
Digestive system - extracts nutrients
Cardiovascular system - network of blood vessels carrying blood around body. Heart pumps it. Moves things around body

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18
Q

What is meant by interdependence

A

Complex multicellular organisms - connected to each other/ interactions between them - talk to each other

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19
Q

What does each cell of our body require and why

A

Each cell of our body requires: oxygen, nutrients, waste removal, to be able to respond to external changes

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20
Q

How do organ systems work and why

A

TOGETHER/ IN UNISON - perform functions needed in life……
- so that all cells are feed and cleaned up
- all cells are protected from dehydration and attack
- all cells can move from danger or towards food/water
- our genetic material is transferred to a new generation
They dont work independently - because we are multicellular - not all cells have ability to independently respond

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21
Q

What are the functions of life

A
  • Maintaining boundaries
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness
  • Digestion
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Reproduction
  • Growth
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22
Q

Maintaining boundaries

A
  • Keeping inside separate from out - selectively take in/out
  • Single celled organisms have their plasma membrane
  • Our cells all have plasma membranes. Selective permeability allows these to have separate functions form other cells.
  • Unlike single celled organisms, we have extracellular fluid (blood plasma, interstitial matrix in between cells of body - binding them together to make structures) - has water in it, don’t want to lose it = mantain external boundary - keep everyting in and keep it hydrated = not leaking fluid = have skin
  • We have to be prevented from drying out, attempts at infection, heat and sunlight. This role is taken on by the Integumentary system = the skin
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23
Q

Movement

A
  • Propelling ourselves from one place to another
  • Find food
  • Get away from danger
  • Fine motor skills – fingers - response to nervous system

Muscular system ( contract and move bones around ) & Skeletal system ( structure )
- internal movements
 blood is pumped - cardiovascular system
 food is pushed - digestive system
 urine is squeezed - Urinary system - bladder

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24
Q

Responsiveness

A
  • Sense and respond to changes in the environment, fast - Nervous system - sending info to brain from nerves - changes in environment
  • All cells are able to respond to stimuli, however rapid responses are controlled by the nervous system, as signals are sent as electrical impulses
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25
Q

Digestion

A
  • Digestion - breaking down the large food molecules into smaller ones that can be used by the body – Digestive system - take in nutrients
  • Absorbed into the blood and transported around the body – cardiovascular system
  • If no cardiovascular system, nutrients sitting in connective tissue around guts - pointless
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26
Q

Metabolism

A
  • All chemical reactions that happen inside your individulal cells
  • Anabolism - making new molecules
  • Catabolism - break down of existing molecules ( large to small )
  • These reactions require nutrients, building blocks, oxygen…..
  • Cell respiration – using nutrients and oxygen to trap usable energy
  • Digestive system – provides molecules
  • Respiratory system – provides oxygen
  • Cardiovascular system – transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
  • Lymphatic system – returns and drains excess fluid/waste back into blood supply
  • Endocrine system – metabolism is regulated by hormones - signalling system internally
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27
Q

Excretion

A
  • Getting rid of waste from the body ( biproducts of digestion and metabolism )
  • Digestive system – rid of indigestible food as faeces - fibres - long chain carbs we cant break down, need it to maintain healthy bowel movements
  • Urinary system– removes nitrogen containing byproducts of metabolism (ie Urea)
  • Cardiovascular system – transports carbon dioxide back to lungs - expel it
  • Respiratory system – releases carbon dioxide
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28
Q

Reproduction

A

-Cellular level – mitosis - 1 cell to 2 cells
-Growth and repair
-Strictly controlled by metabolism ( local supply of energy and nutrients ) and hence all organ systems involved in that
-Organism level reproduction – babies - pass genetic material onto next generation and is conerved- major task of the….
Reproductive system
- But this is tightly controlled by the….
Endocrine system -hormones dictate how acting

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29
Q

Growth

A

Genetic material grows once passed on

For growth to occur you need all organ systems at some point or another

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30
Q

What is the structure of the skin

A

-2 layers….
epidermis – epithelial cells
dermis – dense irregular connective tissue
-About 1.7m2 and about 7% total body weight.
-The dermis is vascularised. The epidermis receives nutrients that diffuse through tissue fluid.
-Anchored to other structures (mainly muscle) by the subcutaneous tissue, the hypodermis. Mainly adipose with some areolar tissue.

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31
Q

How does skin act as a biological barrier

A

Immune cells survey the epidermis (dendritic cells) and dermis (macrophages) to prevent pathogen invasion.

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32
Q

How does skin act as a chemical barrier

A

 Skin secretions
1) acid mantle – retards bacterial growth due to low pH
2) dermicidin in sweat and bactericides in sebum kill bacteria off
3) Epithelial cells secrete defensins
 melanin
Chemical pigment shield – prevents UV damage of cells

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33
Q

How does skin act as a physical barrier

A
  • Skin continuity
  • Cell hardness due to keratin
  • Prevents water loss or gain
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34
Q

Functions of skin

A
  • Temperature regulation
  • Cutaneous sensation
  • Metabolic functions (ie VitD production)
  • Acts as a blood reservoir
  • Excretion – we excrete Urea, uric acid in sweat, along with water and salts.
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35
Q

Structure of hair

A

Dead, keratinised cells

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36
Q

Function of hair

A

Warmth, sense insects, head hair – protection from trauma and the sun. Eyelashes shield our eyes and nose hairs prevent us inhaling things.

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37
Q

Structure of nails

A

Dead, keratinised cells

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38
Q

Function of nails

A
  • Protection – damage to fingers tips or toe tips.

- Used as tools

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39
Q

Bones

A

80 bones make skeleton

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40
Q

Cartilage

A

i.e. nose, in ribs at joins

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41
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
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42
Q

Muscles attach to bones by what

A

Tendons ( dense regular connective tissue )

43
Q

How do skeletal muscles work

A

In unison
with the skeleton to allow
movement through your
environment.

44
Q

What are the 2 nerves of PNS

A
  • Cranial nerves

- Spinal nerves

45
Q

What can the nerves of PNS be

A
  • Sensory (afferent)

- Motor (efferent)

46
Q

What is a hormone

A

Chemical messenger
secreted into extracellular
fluids

47
Q

What are hormones secreted from

A

Endocrine glands ( ductless glands )

48
Q

What is structure of lymphatic system

A
  • Lymphatic vessels – flow excess fluid from tissues towards heart to return to blood
  • Lymph nodes – filter lymph and house lymphocytes
  • Lymph fluid - drained from extracellular space
  • Spleen – site of lymphocyte proliferation. Destroys RBCs and blood borne pathogens.
  • Thymus – maturation site for T lymphocytes
49
Q

What are the 4 processes of respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Transport of respiratory gases
  4. Internal respiration (cellular)
50
Q

What is alimentary canal

A

(aka GI tract)

a continuous muscular tube (9m long when relaxed

51
Q

Whats special about alimentary canal

A

It has its own nervous system

52
Q

What is the nervous system of the alimentary canal called and what does it involve

A

Enteric nervous system….

  • Semi autonomous neurons
  • Submucosal plexus
  • Myenteric plexus
53
Q

What is homeostasis

A

A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance, in which internal conditions vary but always within set limits of a functioning body.

54
Q

How does homeostasis involve digestive system

A

Adequate blood levels of vital nutrients

55
Q

How does homeostasis involve nervous system

A

oxygen rich nutrients supplied to all cells

56
Q

How does homeostasis involve cardiovascular, nervous, urinary and endocrine systems

A

Heart activity and blood pressure must be maintained = blood right consistency

57
Q

How does homeostasis involve urinary system

A

Wastes must be removed - toxic, don’t want it to build up

58
Q

How does homeostasis involve cardiovascular, nervous, integumentary system

A

Body temp regualted - biproduct of metabolism is escaping excess energy - heat - if too hot - cells don’t function
If body at 37 degrees - not nice for fungal growth - just high enough for fungal not to reproduce

59
Q

What organ systems are communication accomplished by

A

Nervous system and endocrine system.

Receptors detect imbalance - control centre ( brain - hypothalamus ) - effector - restore balance

60
Q

What is link between integumentary system and skeletal system

A

Skin protects bone, holds them all together, synthesises VitD needed for calcium absorption through digestion. Calcium essential for bone Skeleton supports skin.

61
Q

What is link between integumentary system and muscular system

A

skin protects muscles, muscles generate heat which activate sweat glands to secrete.

62
Q

What is link between integumentary system and nervous system

A

Skin protects nervous organs. Cutaneous sensory receptors in skin = interaction between external environment and nervous system . Nervous system regulates blood flow, which activates sweat glands for thermoregulation.

63
Q

What is link between integumentary system and endocrine system

A

Skin protects endocrine organs, Androgens produced by endocrine glands regulate hair growth ( puberty )and sebaceous glands. ( more oils )

64
Q

What is link between integumentary system and cardiovascular system

A

Skin protects, cardiovascular system provides oxygen and nutrients, for cell function and secretions from skin

65
Q

What is link between integumentary system and lymphatic system

A

Skin protects and acts as chemical barrier against infection. Lymphatic system prevents excess oedema. ( regulate interstitial fluid concentratiion )
Immune system protects skin cells.

66
Q

What is link between integumentary system and respiratory system

A

Protection skin protects lungs

Nasal hairs filter inhaled air. Respiration – gaseous exchange.

67
Q

What is link between integumentary system and digestive system

A

Skin protects and provides Vitamin D for calcium . Digestion provides nutrients to skin cells.

68
Q

What is link between integumentary system and urinary system

A

Skin protects and excretes some waste. Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous waste. Kidneys activate VitD precursor.

69
Q

What is link between integumentary system and reproductive system

A

Skin protects everything . Cutaneous receptors respond to erotic stimuli. Highly modified sweat glands (mammary glands) produce milk - feed offspring. Skin stretches and grow during pregnancy = can hold baby

70
Q

What is link between nervous system and integumentary system

A

sympathetic division of Autonomic NS regulates sweat glands and blood vessel diameter 0 thermoregulation.

71
Q

What is link between nervous system and Skeletal system

A

innervate bones and joints – pain sensation. Neurons require calcium. Bones are a calcium store.

72
Q

What is link between nervous system and muscular system

A

Somatic division activates muscles - passes on electrical signal from nerve to muscle - contraction

73
Q

What is link between nervous system and endocrine system

A

Sympathetic division triggers hormone secretion (at hypothalamus and adrenal medulla). - influences pituitary gland Hormones regulate neuron metabolism.

74
Q

What is link between nervous system and Cardiovascular system

A

ANS regulates heart rate and blood pressure = everyting pumps
Cardio supplies oxygen and nutrients and hormonal control.

75
Q

What is link between nervous system and lymphatic system

A

nerves innervate lymphoid organs - tell what to do - coontract - release stuff into blood supply? Immune response protects neurons.

76
Q

What is link between nervous system and respiratory system

A

Nervous system regulates breathing rate and volume.

77
Q

What is link between nervous system and digestive system

A

ANS regulates digestive motility (smooth muscle cells), and secretion from exocrine glands. Digestion provides nutrients for cell health of nerves.

78
Q

What is link between nervous system and urinary system

A

ANS regulates bladder emptying opens sphincter. Kidneys dispose of metabolic wastes - ensuring electrolyte and pH balance of blood – essential for neuron function.

79
Q

What is link between nervous system and reproduvtive system

A

ANS regulates male erection and ejaculation, regulates clitoral erection in females. Testosterone related to sex drive and aggression.

80
Q

What is link between endocrine system and integumentary system

A

androgens (hormone) activate sebaceous glands, estrogen increases skin hydration

81
Q

What is link between endocrine system and skeletal system

A

parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels. Growth hormone, Thyroxine and sex hormones promote skeletal development. Skeleton provides protection.

82
Q

What is link between endocrine system and muscular system

A

Growth hormone promotes muscle growth. Thyroxine regulates muscle metabolism.

83
Q

What is link between endocrine system and nervous system

A

hormones involved in nervous development. Hormone release by nervous stimulation.

84
Q

What is link between endocrine system and cardiovascular system

A

Hormones regulate blood volume, pressure and heart rate. Erythropoietin regulates haemopoesis. Blood is the main carrier of hormones around the body.

85
Q

What is link between endocrine system and lymphatic system

A

T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland. Glucocorticoids depress immune responses.

86
Q

What is link between endocrine system and respiratory system

A

Adrenaline dilates bronchioles – controls breathing. Respiration provides oxygen to endocrine cells, via cardiovascular system.

87
Q

What is link between endocrine system and digestive system

A

Digestion is regulated by hormones (pancreas). Digestion provides vital nutrients to cells of endocrine system.

88
Q

What is link between endocrine system and urinary system

A

Aldosterone and ADH influence water retention. Kidneys monitor oxygen levels and secrete Erythropoietin to induce haemopoesis.

89
Q

What is link between endocrine system and reproductive system

A

hormonal regulation of reproductive system and breast-feeding.

90
Q

What is link between endocrine system and digestive system

A

Digestion is regulated by hormones (pancreas). Digestion provides vital nutrients to cells of endocrine system.

91
Q

What is link between endocrine system and urinary system

A

Aldosterone and ADH influence water retention. Kidneys monitor oxygen levels and secrete Erythropoietin to induce haemopoesis.

92
Q

What is link between endocrine system and reproductive system

A

hormonal regulation of reproductive system and breast-feeding.

93
Q

What is link between urinary system and integumentary system

A

Kidneys maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood. Disposes of nitrogenous waste, Keeps happy environment for skin.

94
Q

What is link between urinary system and skeletal system

A

same as above. Happy bones etc… Bones of rib partially protect kidneys from trauma.

95
Q

What is link between urinary system and muscular system

A

Happy muscles. Particularly K+ and Ca2+ levels – essential for excitability and contractibility. Sphincter muscles allow selective micturition. Creatinine excretion.

96
Q

What is link between urinary system and nervous system

A

Happy muscles. Particularly Na+, K+ and Ca2+ levels for normal function. Nervous inervation for micturition.

97
Q

What is link between urinary system and endocrine system

A

Hormone regulation - happy glands

98
Q

What is link between urinary system and cardiovascular system

A

Regulates blood pressure through fluid retention. Systemic arterial pressure is essential for filtration of blood (at glomerulus).

99
Q

What is link between urinary system and lymphatic system

A

Lymphatics return fluid to blood, maintaining blood pressure so kidneys can filter.

100
Q

Why is unicellular organism independent

A

It’s got everything it needs in that one cell and can do everything themselves

101
Q

What unicellular organism is independent and why

A

Amoeba

  • plasma membrane = protection, allows permeability of certain things into and out of that cell - give it food/oxygen
  • Doesn’t need digestive system - takes in food by phagocytosis
102
Q

Why do organ systems work together

A

Maintain homeostasis

103
Q

What happens if body too cold

A

Recognised by hypothalamus - nervous input through skeletal muscle - contract and relax = shivering - waster energy - more heat and cardiovascular system -
blood vessels to constrict - reduce diameter dont want to loose excess heat through blood
temp of body increase

104
Q

What happens if body too hot

A

blood vessels dilate - lose more heat through blood

sweat glands to start sweating