Lecture 9 Relationships

Question 1

What are fiske’s 4 relational models?

Answer 1

Communal sharing - relationships in terms of collective belonging or sharing - close relationships

Authority ranking - relationships in asymmetrical terms. Individuals are hierarchally ranked

Equality matching - relationships organised with reference to their degree of balance

Market pricing - relationships are organised with reference to a common scale of ratio values such as money

Question 2

What is the exposure effect in relationships

Answer 2

The frequency of encountering a neutral or positive stimulus/person enhances its evaluation

We like people we meet often

Zajonc, 1968

Question 3

How does physical proximity play a role in relationships

Answer 3

Festinger, schacter, & back

Found that among world war 2 veterans living in married housing .. Friendship choice was a function of proximity

Question 4

Physical attractiveness and relationship?

Answer 4

Eagley - attractiveness might be a stereotype - means you are warm friendly and confident

Snyder - found that when Males talked to the same female, but they were told that she was either attractive or unattractive… Convos with the attractive female were rated as more sociable

Cash Duncan - beautiful women can be seen as vain

Question 5

Limits to attractiveness effect

Answer 5

Males care more about attractiveness about females

We care more about attractiveness for short term sexual partners

People who care more about gender roles care more about physical attractiveness

Females who have more economic power care more about attractiveness

Question 6

Other factors influencing attraction

Answer 6

Religion age race social class attitudes

Should share attitudes.

Not so much personality

Question 7

What is heiders balance theory

Answer 7

Says we organise our likes and dislikes in a symmetrical way

When two people like each other and discover they’re similar, this represents a balanced state

Unbalanced state = negative affect

2 negatives make a positive!

Question 8

What’s festingers social comparison theory

Answer 8

Argued that if we learn someone has the same attitudes as us, it validates our point of view - suggest we have sound judgement

Comforting

Question 9

What did baumeister and Leary propose about the need to belong?

Answer 9

Interpersonal ties serve functions: instrumental, emotional and informational

Safety in numbers

Fundamental desire to create relationships

Alone = physical and mental problems

Question 10

What did Condon and crank find when giving people surveys about attitudes on a range of topics?

Answer 10

Made people express attitude on things from politics to God.

2 days later they had to evaluate a person who shared a certain percentage of their attitudes. They were also told thwt this person either positively or negatively judged their attitudes

Linear trend in evaluations found - 100% shared attitudes lead to highest level of evaluation
0% lowest level

Even when told about positive evaluation

Inferred - how positively they thought the other person would have evaluated them

Question 11

Robins and boldero and Similarity beyond actual self?

Answer 11

Said that people also compare themselves and potential partners in terms of “this person is how I would like to be” or “ this person is how I need to be”

Question 12

Reciprocity in relationships?

Answer 12

Direct reciprocity - we like others who like us - being liked is rewarding

Reciprocity via good moods - infer liking from good moods

Reciprocity via rewards - like others who reinforce our behaviour (costs are discounted in the beginning)

Question 13

Dutton & arom - suspended bridge

Answer 13

Had male participants walk across a bridge suspended 450 feet over a canyon. Then they were either interviewed immediately or 10 mins afterwards by an attractive male

Those who were interviewed immediately after contained more sexual imagery and were more likely to contact th female than those interviewed 10 mins late

Is love just arousal?

Question 14

Sternberg- what is his 3 COMPONENTS of love?

Answer 14

Intimacy, passion and commitment

Question 15

Interdependence is the basis of close relationships. What are the 3 types.

Answer 15

Cognitive - thinking of the self and partner as inextricably linked, a part of a whole not seperate

Behavioural - individuals behaviour influenced by partners behaviour

Affective - individuals emotions influence by and influences partners emotions

Question 16

What was Aaron, aron, and smollen’s study on cognitive interdependence?

Answer 16

“Please circle the picture that best describes your relationship.”

Question 17

Equity theory?

Answer 17

Relationships are seen as fair if each persons outcomes are proportional to their contributions

Receiving less or more than owners contributes leads to less satisfaction

Relationships should become more equitable over time, if not, relationship ends

This model good at predicting how people think about relationships but not what actually happens

Question 18

Thibaut and Kelly’s interdependence theory?

Answer 18

Individuals are motivated to maximise rewards relative to costs in relationships

Satisfaction and attractive are defined in terms of expectations and outcomes

Compare the relationships outcomes to two standards:
Comparison level - the attractiveness of the relationship, the threshold for satisfaction. If up u exceed this you are happy

Comparison level for alternatives - alt relationships

If you have no alternative, even if ur unsatisfied, you won’t leave the relationship

Question 19

Rusbults investment model

Answer 19

Extension of interdependence theory

We are mor committed to relationships when we are satisfied, committ d, with alt natives and have investments

Satisfaction = rewards - costs

Model works for friendships, intimate, abuse relationships and applies cross culturally

Question 20

Ideal standards model

Answer 20

Extension of interdependence theory

Partner and relationship ideals are chronically accessible knowledge structures that influence relationship judgements

3 functions: evaluation, explanation and regulation

Larger discrepancies = lower evaluations

Question 21

Adult attachment - hazan, shaver

Answer 21

Secure, avoidance or anxious/ambivalent

They Recalled diff interactions w parents in each group..

Most had secure attachment, least had anxious

Question 22

Consequences of attachment styles for love

Answer 22

Securely attached - good happy trusting

Avoidantly attached - fear of intimacy, emotional highs and lows and jealousy

Anxiously attached - desire for reciprocation, emotional highs and lows and extreme sexual attraction and jealous - obsessed

Question 23

Criticism of attachment theory

Answer 23

Deterministic

Caregiver response determines quality of attachment relationships - relies on caregiver not the child

Question 24

Dimensional model of adult attachment

Answer 24

The attachment types, including the fourth, which is unresolved, can be described in a dimensional space defined by avoidance and anxiety

High anxiety and high avoidance = characterised in mental illness .. Like borderline personality disorder

Question 25

Dimensional attachment and social interactions? Sibley and Liu

Answer 25

Oarcioangs completed a diary of social interactions for 14 days

Anxiety and avoidance explained 27% of the variance in enjoyment ion social interactions with a romantic partner

1.4% from th interaction

Question 26

Attachment and violence? (Doumas et al)

Answer 26

Used questionnaires ..

Found a gender diff in violence

Women said they were more violent than men were in self report

Men may find it harder to report they were the recipient of violence

Question 27

Predictors of violence?

Answer 27

Female attachment anxiety predicts violence at its best

It’s about the male wanting to be distanced, but the females keep wanting to be closer