Lecture 9 Relationships Flashcards
What are fiske’s 4 relational models?
Communal sharing - relationships in terms of collective belonging or sharing - close relationships
Authority ranking - relationships in asymmetrical terms. Individuals are hierarchally ranked
Equality matching - relationships organised with reference to their degree of balance
Market pricing - relationships are organised with reference to a common scale of ratio values such as money
What is the exposure effect in relationships
The frequency of encountering a neutral or positive stimulus/person enhances its evaluation
We like people we meet often
Zajonc, 1968
How does physical proximity play a role in relationships
Festinger, schacter, & back
Found that among world war 2 veterans living in married housing .. Friendship choice was a function of proximity
Physical attractiveness and relationship?
Eagley - attractiveness might be a stereotype - means you are warm friendly and confident
Snyder - found that when Males talked to the same female, but they were told that she was either attractive or unattractive… Convos with the attractive female were rated as more sociable
Cash Duncan - beautiful women can be seen as vain
Limits to attractiveness effect
Males care more about attractiveness about females
We care more about attractiveness for short term sexual partners
People who care more about gender roles care more about physical attractiveness
Females who have more economic power care more about attractiveness
Other factors influencing attraction
Religion age race social class attitudes
Should share attitudes.
Not so much personality
What is heiders balance theory
Says we organise our likes and dislikes in a symmetrical way
When two people like each other and discover they’re similar, this represents a balanced state
Unbalanced state = negative affect
2 negatives make a positive!
What’s festingers social comparison theory
Argued that if we learn someone has the same attitudes as us, it validates our point of view - suggest we have sound judgement
Comforting
What did baumeister and Leary propose about the need to belong?
Interpersonal ties serve functions: instrumental, emotional and informational
Safety in numbers
Fundamental desire to create relationships
Alone = physical and mental problems
What did Condon and crank find when giving people surveys about attitudes on a range of topics?
Made people express attitude on things from politics to God.
2 days later they had to evaluate a person who shared a certain percentage of their attitudes. They were also told thwt this person either positively or negatively judged their attitudes
Linear trend in evaluations found - 100% shared attitudes lead to highest level of evaluation
0% lowest level
Even when told about positive evaluation
Inferred - how positively they thought the other person would have evaluated them
Robins and boldero and Similarity beyond actual self?
Said that people also compare themselves and potential partners in terms of “this person is how I would like to be” or “ this person is how I need to be”
Reciprocity in relationships?
Direct reciprocity - we like others who like us - being liked is rewarding
Reciprocity via good moods - infer liking from good moods
Reciprocity via rewards - like others who reinforce our behaviour (costs are discounted in the beginning)
Dutton & arom - suspended bridge
Had male participants walk across a bridge suspended 450 feet over a canyon. Then they were either interviewed immediately or 10 mins afterwards by an attractive male
Those who were interviewed immediately after contained more sexual imagery and were more likely to contact th female than those interviewed 10 mins late
Is love just arousal?
Sternberg- what is his 3 COMPONENTS of love?
Intimacy, passion and commitment
Interdependence is the basis of close relationships. What are the 3 types.
Cognitive - thinking of the self and partner as inextricably linked, a part of a whole not seperate
Behavioural - individuals behaviour influenced by partners behaviour
Affective - individuals emotions influence by and influences partners emotions
What was Aaron, aron, and smollen’s study on cognitive interdependence?
“Please circle the picture that best describes your relationship.”
Equity theory?
Relationships are seen as fair if each persons outcomes are proportional to their contributions
Receiving less or more than owners contributes leads to less satisfaction
Relationships should become more equitable over time, if not, relationship ends
This model good at predicting how people think about relationships but not what actually happens
Thibaut and Kelly’s interdependence theory?
Individuals are motivated to maximise rewards relative to costs in relationships
Satisfaction and attractive are defined in terms of expectations and outcomes
Compare the relationships outcomes to two standards:
Comparison level - the attractiveness of the relationship, the threshold for satisfaction. If up u exceed this you are happy
Comparison level for alternatives - alt relationships
If you have no alternative, even if ur unsatisfied, you won’t leave the relationship
Rusbults investment model
Extension of interdependence theory
We are mor committed to relationships when we are satisfied, committ d, with alt natives and have investments
Satisfaction = rewards - costs
Model works for friendships, intimate, abuse relationships and applies cross culturally
Ideal standards model
Extension of interdependence theory
Partner and relationship ideals are chronically accessible knowledge structures that influence relationship judgements
3 functions: evaluation, explanation and regulation
Larger discrepancies = lower evaluations
Adult attachment - hazan, shaver
Secure, avoidance or anxious/ambivalent
They Recalled diff interactions w parents in each group..
Most had secure attachment, least had anxious
Consequences of attachment styles for love
Securely attached - good happy trusting
Avoidantly attached - fear of intimacy, emotional highs and lows and jealousy
Anxiously attached - desire for reciprocation, emotional highs and lows and extreme sexual attraction and jealous - obsessed
Criticism of attachment theory
Deterministic
Caregiver response determines quality of attachment relationships - relies on caregiver not the child
Dimensional model of adult attachment
The attachment types, including the fourth, which is unresolved, can be described in a dimensional space defined by avoidance and anxiety
High anxiety and high avoidance = characterised in mental illness .. Like borderline personality disorder
