Lecture 4 Intergroup Conflict

Question 1

Inter group bias?

Answer 1

Preference for in groups over out groups

Prejudice
Discrimination

Question 2

What’s the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Answer 2

Prejudice is the negative evaluation of a group

But discrimination is a BEHAVIOURAL manifestation of prejudice

Question 3

What is social categorisation?

Answer 3

Placement of individuals into a class of similar individuals

Eg gender, nationality, age.

It is automatic sometimes, before we know someone.

Question 4

What is stereotyping

Answer 4

Stereotyping - can be positive or negative

Expectancies about a social group - thus individuals are viewed as stereotypical group members and less as an individual

Bias judgements

Question 5

What did Duncan’s (1976) stereotype experiment show?

Answer 5

The negative aspect of stereotyping. And that it exists.

That when participants were shown an African American shoving a white person, more people say it’s violent than when a white person pushes an African American

Judged the person in light of the stereotypical expectations

Question 6

What does self categorisation theory suggest?

Answer 6

We tend to categorise ourselves as group members, leading to us vs them thinking.

Question 7

What is a study that shows us vs them thinking?

Answer 7

Tajfel et al.
Kids were told that either they liked Klee or Kandinsky lovers - based on nothing.

Point allocation happened….

Even under these MINIMAL groups, they favoured their own group members to give points to, than others

Question 8

Social identity theory?

Answer 8

SIT

people prefer to have a positive self concept - self esteem

Our selves are composed of personal and group related identities, so we want to increase positivity of our own groups to feel good

Question 9

Structural consequences

Answer 9

We perceive groups to be really different but not the individuals inside the groups.

Question 10

What evidence do we have for outgroup homogeneity?

Answer 10

Platz and hosch

Had African American, Mexican or white people come in to a convenience store

Later asked the worker if they could identify the person who came in before

People were better at identifying people of their own race/group than others. –> perceive other groups and races to all look the same

Question 11

What is correspondence bias/attribution error

Answer 11

When people explain behaviour too much through internal cause and characteristics, and ignore external factors

Question 12

What is group serving bias?

Answer 12

The idea that we do good things because we are good people, but they do good things bc their situation allowed them to

How we view behaviours depends on who does it.

Question 13

Exacerbating factors that increase hostility between groups?

Answer 13

Individual differences
Competition
Threat

Question 14

What is right wing authoritarianism?

Answer 14

Tendency to submit established authorities and ach really to social conventions

Question 15

What is social dominance orientation?

Answer 15

Desire to promote inter group hierarchies and got ones in group to dominate their out groups

Likely to have prejudice and discrimination

Question 16

What is an in group and what is an outgroup

Answer 16

In group - group that you are a member of

Out group - not a member of

Question 17

Evidence that competition makes groups more hostile?

Answer 17

Taylor and moriarty 1987

Had two groups, and made them problem solve for a reward.

Found that people hated their outgroup more when they were competing for something than when they were interdependent

Question 18

How does inter group threat make people more hostile

Answer 18

Realistic threat - threats to the material well being of the in group

Symbolic threat - threat to in groups values

Inter group anxiety - fear of interacting with Ppl who are not like us, and we might get embarrassed.

All leads to people seeing other group in a more negative light

There is empirical evidence that there is a positive association between realistic threat, symbolic threat and anxiety and prejudice

Question 19

What are some positive individual differences that will resolve conflict?

Answer 19

Respect for persons - treat other people as equals. Even disliked people.

Empathy and perspective taking - ability to out oneself in another’s shoes

Question 20

What evidence is there about empathy and PT and bias?

Answer 20

Finlay and stephan - asked people to imagine being in the shoes of black people, reduced bias.

Galinsky and moskowits - asked people to imagine by writings say about being in the shoes of over or underachievers.

Feshback and feshback - teaching empathy - long term effects on aggression

Question 21

What did Wagner et al find with inter group contact?

Answer 21

Evidence showed that people in west Germany were less prejudiced than in the east

They suggested this was because people in the east had less contact with the foreigners, less opportunities, less foreign friends, thus more prejudice

Question 22

What are the optimal conditions for interaction for out group people

Answer 22

Equal status, shad goals, authority sanction, absence of competition

More knowledge, lots of positive interactions eliminates anxiety, and increases empathy (pettigrew and troop)

Question 23

How does extended contact affect prejudice?

Answer 23

Extended contact - knowledge that other in group members have outgroup friends can reduce bias

Wright et al:
Split groups up based on “personality”
One participant from each group chosen to interact (confederate)
Evaluations changed according to what they witnessrd.

People liked in group more if they witnessrd friendly interaction

Question 24

How can we change categorisation to help prejudice?

Answer 24

Change us vs them to we
Remove groups????

Gaertner
Split people up into 2 groups
Or 1 group
Or just as individuals

People had least pref for I group when one group, then seperate, then most when they were 2 groups

Question 25

What did the robbers cave experiment find - sherif et al

Answer 25

2 groups, had a tournament.
Had inter group conflict, did not favour out group members
Hostile

But then had to cooperate for a shared goal, then liked each other