Lecture 4 Intergroup Conflict Flashcards
Inter group bias?
Preference for in groups over out groups
Prejudice
Discrimination
What’s the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice is the negative evaluation of a group
But discrimination is a BEHAVIOURAL manifestation of prejudice
What is social categorisation?
Placement of individuals into a class of similar individuals
Eg gender, nationality, age.
It is automatic sometimes, before we know someone.
What is stereotyping
Stereotyping - can be positive or negative
Expectancies about a social group - thus individuals are viewed as stereotypical group members and less as an individual
Bias judgements
What did Duncan’s (1976) stereotype experiment show?
The negative aspect of stereotyping. And that it exists.
That when participants were shown an African American shoving a white person, more people say it’s violent than when a white person pushes an African American
Judged the person in light of the stereotypical expectations
What does self categorisation theory suggest?
We tend to categorise ourselves as group members, leading to us vs them thinking.
What is a study that shows us vs them thinking?
Tajfel et al.
Kids were told that either they liked Klee or Kandinsky lovers - based on nothing.
Point allocation happened….
Even under these MINIMAL groups, they favoured their own group members to give points to, than others
Social identity theory?
SIT
people prefer to have a positive self concept - self esteem
Our selves are composed of personal and group related identities, so we want to increase positivity of our own groups to feel good
Structural consequences
We perceive groups to be really different but not the individuals inside the groups.
What evidence do we have for outgroup homogeneity?
Platz and hosch
Had African American, Mexican or white people come in to a convenience store
Later asked the worker if they could identify the person who came in before
People were better at identifying people of their own race/group than others. –> perceive other groups and races to all look the same
What is correspondence bias/attribution error
When people explain behaviour too much through internal cause and characteristics, and ignore external factors
What is group serving bias?
The idea that we do good things because we are good people, but they do good things bc their situation allowed them to
How we view behaviours depends on who does it.
Exacerbating factors that increase hostility between groups?
Individual differences
Competition
Threat
What is right wing authoritarianism?
Tendency to submit established authorities and ach really to social conventions
What is social dominance orientation?
Desire to promote inter group hierarchies and got ones in group to dominate their out groups
Likely to have prejudice and discrimination
What is an in group and what is an outgroup
In group - group that you are a member of
Out group - not a member of
Evidence that competition makes groups more hostile?
Taylor and moriarty 1987
Had two groups, and made them problem solve for a reward.
Found that people hated their outgroup more when they were competing for something than when they were interdependent
How does inter group threat make people more hostile
Realistic threat - threats to the material well being of the in group
Symbolic threat - threat to in groups values
Inter group anxiety - fear of interacting with Ppl who are not like us, and we might get embarrassed.
All leads to people seeing other group in a more negative light
There is empirical evidence that there is a positive association between realistic threat, symbolic threat and anxiety and prejudice
What are some positive individual differences that will resolve conflict?
Respect for persons - treat other people as equals. Even disliked people.
Empathy and perspective taking - ability to out oneself in another’s shoes
What evidence is there about empathy and PT and bias?
Finlay and stephan - asked people to imagine being in the shoes of black people, reduced bias.
Galinsky and moskowits - asked people to imagine by writings say about being in the shoes of over or underachievers.
Feshback and feshback - teaching empathy - long term effects on aggression
What did Wagner et al find with inter group contact?
Evidence showed that people in west Germany were less prejudiced than in the east
They suggested this was because people in the east had less contact with the foreigners, less opportunities, less foreign friends, thus more prejudice
What are the optimal conditions for interaction for out group people
Equal status, shad goals, authority sanction, absence of competition
More knowledge, lots of positive interactions eliminates anxiety, and increases empathy (pettigrew and troop)
How does extended contact affect prejudice?
Extended contact - knowledge that other in group members have outgroup friends can reduce bias
Wright et al:
Split groups up based on “personality”
One participant from each group chosen to interact (confederate)
Evaluations changed according to what they witnessrd.
People liked in group more if they witnessrd friendly interaction
How can we change categorisation to help prejudice?
Change us vs them to we
Remove groups????
Gaertner
Split people up into 2 groups
Or 1 group
Or just as individuals
People had least pref for I group when one group, then seperate, then most when they were 2 groups
