Lecture 1 Morality

Question 1

What is turiel’s signature conventional response?

Answer 1

Less serious, wrong and bad, less punishable, authority dependent, local and doesn’t appeal to harm

Question 2

What were the two moral responses turiel came up with?

Answer 2

Signature moral response - deserving punishment, harm done

Signature conventional response - less punishable, no harm

Question 3

What are some examples of non harm violations that Haidt, koller and dias found

Answer 3

Having sex with a chicken, cleaning toilet with American flag, eating dead dog

These are also authority independent and general

Question 4

What were shweder’s set of things that people regarded right and wrong in diff cultures?

Answer 4

Autonomy - harm/rights
Community - hierarchy
Divinity - purity

Question 5

What did Kelly et al believe in terms of morality

Answer 5

That harm did not lead to a moral violation

He went to different cultures, turiel just worked in the US

Question 6

Turiel’s signature moral response?

Answer 6

If no harm then or welfare violation, then it’s not in the moral domain.

SMR = serious, wrong, punishable, authority independent, universal and APPEALS TO HARM

Question 7

Domains of moral foundations theory?

Answer 7

Harm/care
Fairness/reciprocity
Authority/respect
Ingroup/loyalty
Purity

Question 8

What does WEIRD stand for?

Answer 8

Western. Educated. Industrialised. Rich. Democratic.

Countries that are NON weird moralise all five domains

More weird = moralise community and purity LESS

Question 9

What’s the difference between moral values of WEIRD and NON WEIRD COUNTRIES?

Answer 9

Non weird countries moralise all five domains

Weird moralise purity and community less

Question 10

Diffs between moralisation of liberal and conservative people?

Answer 10

Conservative people seem to moralise all 5 moral foundations equally

Liberals believe in fairness and harm most

Question 11

Difference between moral reasoning and moral intuition?

Answer 11

Moral reasoning is conscious, controlled, effortful and Intentional
Whilst
Moral intuition is without conscious awareness, and can depend on emotion.

This is all from Haidt

Question 12

What does kohlberg believe is in the black box of moral judgement?

Answer 12

Reasoning!

Thinks children read the vignette -> reasoning -> judgement

They move through stages of reasoning that’s accessible to them at the time

Question 13

What are kohlbergs stages of reasoning that children move through

Answer 13

OH ITS REALLY SAFE IN UTAH

obendience
Individualism/exchange
Roles
Social order
Individual rights
Universal principals

Question 14

What is moral dumbfounding?

Answer 14

When people insist it’s wrong even when all their reasons are disproven

Eg. When siblings kiss, and it’s known that they won’t go further and no one will found out so no bad consequences
People will insist it’s wrong

Question 15

What’s Haidts theory of moral reasoning called

Answer 15

Social intuitionism model

SIM

Question 16

What does the social intuitionist model suggest?

Answer 16

That reasoning is used in the moral domain, but we use it to rationalise the moral judgements we already have formed.

POST HOC RATIONALISATION

we see a stimulus, we see a flash of disgust, then we try to rationalise it.

Intuition –> judgement –> reasoning

Question 17

What did Wheatley and Haidts disgust study find?

Answer 17

That when people were hypnotised to feel disgust when the word ‘take’ was used in a scenario, it lead them to feel more disgust and then judge the statement as more wrong over all.

Thus feeling of disgust plays causal role in moral judgements

Question 18

What did schnall find when they sprayed ammonium sulfidE?

Answer 18

Disgust amplifies condemnation

Since the ammonium sulfide smells bad and causes disgust.

Question 19

What’s CAD triad hypothesis

Answer 19

Rozin et al

Certain emotions are evoked with particular moral domain violations

COmmunity - contempt
Autonomy - anger
Divinity - disgust

Question 20

What is a ultiliarian response is what is an example of one, in terms of the trolley problem?

Answer 20

Utilitarian option - maximising greatest good - less emotional influence

Hit the switch or push man so that 5 people are saved and 1 is killed

Question 21

What is an example of a deontological option, and what is an example of one in terms of the trolley problem?

Answer 21

Deontological - more personal, emotionally influenced

Not do anything in the trolley problem, so saves 1 person

Question 22

What are the most common answers in the footbridges and switches problems

Answer 22

Switches - most people will pick utilitarian option and flip the switch to save 5 people - it’s less contact, less emotion, less personal

Footbridge - most people will be deontological and not push the man, because it’s more emotionally aversive, more personal direct contact

(Greene)

Question 23

What happens when you reduce negative affect during a dilemma???????

Answer 23

Should see more ultiliarian responses
Because people opt deontological from aversive feels

Valdesolo and desteno showed SNL before asking the question and found this. More likely to push the dude off the bridge

Question 24

What did Greene find by placing a cognitive load on moral personal dilemmas?

Answer 24

Cognitive load selectively disrupts resource dependent cognitive processes

Had people scan a computer for numbers whilst being asked about moral stuff

Found people who made ultiliarian choices slowed down once they were distracted.

No impact on deontological response! It’s easy and intuitive

Question 25

What does dual process model suggest?

Answer 25

That both reasoning and emotion is in the moral black box

What drives moral judgement is a function of the properties of the stimuli, situational factors and individual diffs

Emotion - deontological
Reasoning - ultiliarian
Competition between these two

Question 26

Other factors that might influence moral dilemmas other than emotion and reasoning?

Answer 26

Decision framing (wording kinda) - thinking about the trolley problem in terms of DEATH or SAVING people

Metacognition - awareness and understanding of ones own thought processes