Lecture 1 Morality Flashcards
What is turiel’s signature conventional response?
Less serious, wrong and bad, less punishable, authority dependent, local and doesn’t appeal to harm
What were the two moral responses turiel came up with?
Signature moral response - deserving punishment, harm done
Signature conventional response - less punishable, no harm
What are some examples of non harm violations that Haidt, koller and dias found
Having sex with a chicken, cleaning toilet with American flag, eating dead dog
These are also authority independent and general
What were shweder’s set of things that people regarded right and wrong in diff cultures?
Autonomy - harm/rights
Community - hierarchy
Divinity - purity
What did Kelly et al believe in terms of morality
That harm did not lead to a moral violation
He went to different cultures, turiel just worked in the US
Turiel’s signature moral response?
If no harm then or welfare violation, then it’s not in the moral domain.
SMR = serious, wrong, punishable, authority independent, universal and APPEALS TO HARM
Domains of moral foundations theory?
Harm/care Fairness/reciprocity Authority/respect Ingroup/loyalty Purity
What does WEIRD stand for?
Western. Educated. Industrialised. Rich. Democratic.
Countries that are NON weird moralise all five domains
More weird = moralise community and purity LESS
What’s the difference between moral values of WEIRD and NON WEIRD COUNTRIES?
Non weird countries moralise all five domains
Weird moralise purity and community less
Diffs between moralisation of liberal and conservative people?
Conservative people seem to moralise all 5 moral foundations equally
Liberals believe in fairness and harm most
Difference between moral reasoning and moral intuition?
Moral reasoning is conscious, controlled, effortful and Intentional
Whilst
Moral intuition is without conscious awareness, and can depend on emotion.
This is all from Haidt
What does kohlberg believe is in the black box of moral judgement?
Reasoning!
Thinks children read the vignette -> reasoning -> judgement
They move through stages of reasoning that’s accessible to them at the time
What are kohlbergs stages of reasoning that children move through
OH ITS REALLY SAFE IN UTAH
obendience Individualism/exchange Roles Social order Individual rights Universal principals
What is moral dumbfounding?
When people insist it’s wrong even when all their reasons are disproven
Eg. When siblings kiss, and it’s known that they won’t go further and no one will found out so no bad consequences
People will insist it’s wrong
What’s Haidts theory of moral reasoning called
Social intuitionism model
SIM
What does the social intuitionist model suggest?
That reasoning is used in the moral domain, but we use it to rationalise the moral judgements we already have formed.
POST HOC RATIONALISATION
we see a stimulus, we see a flash of disgust, then we try to rationalise it.
Intuition –> judgement –> reasoning
What did Wheatley and Haidts disgust study find?
That when people were hypnotised to feel disgust when the word ‘take’ was used in a scenario, it lead them to feel more disgust and then judge the statement as more wrong over all.
Thus feeling of disgust plays causal role in moral judgements
What did schnall find when they sprayed ammonium sulfidE?
Disgust amplifies condemnation
Since the ammonium sulfide smells bad and causes disgust.
What’s CAD triad hypothesis
Rozin et al
Certain emotions are evoked with particular moral domain violations
COmmunity - contempt
Autonomy - anger
Divinity - disgust
What is a ultiliarian response is what is an example of one, in terms of the trolley problem?
Utilitarian option - maximising greatest good - less emotional influence
Hit the switch or push man so that 5 people are saved and 1 is killed
What is an example of a deontological option, and what is an example of one in terms of the trolley problem?
Deontological - more personal, emotionally influenced
Not do anything in the trolley problem, so saves 1 person
What are the most common answers in the footbridges and switches problems
Switches - most people will pick utilitarian option and flip the switch to save 5 people - it’s less contact, less emotion, less personal
Footbridge - most people will be deontological and not push the man, because it’s more emotionally aversive, more personal direct contact
(Greene)
What happens when you reduce negative affect during a dilemma???????
Should see more ultiliarian responses
Because people opt deontological from aversive feels
Valdesolo and desteno showed SNL before asking the question and found this. More likely to push the dude off the bridge
What did Greene find by placing a cognitive load on moral personal dilemmas?
Cognitive load selectively disrupts resource dependent cognitive processes
Had people scan a computer for numbers whilst being asked about moral stuff
Found people who made ultiliarian choices slowed down once they were distracted.
No impact on deontological response! It’s easy and intuitive
What does dual process model suggest?
That both reasoning and emotion is in the moral black box
What drives moral judgement is a function of the properties of the stimuli, situational factors and individual diffs
Emotion - deontological
Reasoning - ultiliarian
Competition between these two
Other factors that might influence moral dilemmas other than emotion and reasoning?
Decision framing (wording kinda) - thinking about the trolley problem in terms of DEATH or SAVING people
Metacognition - awareness and understanding of ones own thought processes
