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Bio Psych > Lecture 9 - Regulation > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the absoprtive phase

A
  • excess of Glucose and amino acids is stored
  • as glucose in blood increases, PNS is activated
  • Physiological changes occur, including bile released to digest lipids and gastro-intestinal system is no longer inhibited by sns
  • more insulated secreted by pancrease for glucose uptake in cells (not brain cells)
  • insulin move glucose from blood -> cells
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2
Q

What is the principle sources of energy?

A

glucose and amino acids

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3
Q

What does too much glucose do?

A

Make blood syrupy, doesnt work, need optimal level (diabetes)

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4
Q

How is food stored short term?

A

Glucose is stored as glycogen (carb) stored in muscles and liver, to convert later back to glucose (fuel for brain(

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5
Q

how is food intake stored long term?

A

Fat = tyrigylceride = glycerol (carb) + fatty acids

- stored under skin/ around organs - harmful

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6
Q

What are the environmental cues to satiety

A
  1. Clock/ schedules (learned)
  2. Smells/ sight/ taste
    - anticipations of food lowers glucose in blood - low glucose levels make you hungry
  3. Size of meal/ fat content - small portions = nicer, if distracted by others/ tv you eat more
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7
Q

What are body areas give cues to feeding/ satiety?

A
  1. Intenstines give sinals to brain via CCK and PYY chemicals
  2. Liver + panrease (insulin) feedback to hypothalamus
  3. Adipose tissue growth produces LEPTIN - tells brain to stop eating
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8
Q

How does brain receive info about fullness?

A

Body parts send signals to
• Lateral hypothalamus (NPY)
• Arcuate nuclueus hypothalamus (Leptin goes here)
- when receiving leptin, this area produces NEUROPEPTIDE Y

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9
Q

What does neuropeptide y do?

A

Regulates feeding, starting feeding, its under control from Leptin and ventromedial nuclues in hypothalamus

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10
Q

Outline Ventromedal Nucleus

A

In the hypothalamus, regualted feeding via NPY

When lesioned in a rat, they couldnt stop eating. But it isnt just the VMN that controls eating, its loads of things

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11
Q

Outline how starvation occurs

A

SNS is activated as glucose levels drop too much in blood, due to:
• Adrenal medulla (adrenaline - feel jittery)
• ADipose tissue (break down fats)
• Pancrease (stops secreting insulin, now secretes glucagon, using glycogen stores from liver and muscles to make energy)

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12
Q

What are the resaons that people over eat?

A

• Leptin deficiency/ faulty leptin receptors
- Doenst cause obesity tho

• Genetic differences
- Maybe afircan americans passed on very slow metabolisms

• learning from parents/ evolution

  • capitalise on high salt/sugar/ fat foods when we can
  • learn portions, less excercise, grazing/ snacking

•Serotonin

  • can help suppress eating and lose weight
  • can help against bulimia, not anorexia
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13
Q

What are the anatomical differences in men and womans brains?

A

Women have:

  • Slighlty smaller brains
  • Thicker corpus callosum
  • Share function hemispheres
  • Slight difference in diencephalon/ telencephalon
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14
Q

What are the two categories of the role of sex hormones?

A
  1. Organisational effects

2. Activational effects

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15
Q

Outline organisational effects

A
  • Prenatal: genetics -> sex organs -> hormones
    • determines which system we follow
  • permanant, influence brain and sex organ development
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16
Q

Outline activational effects

A
  • occur later in life, after development of sex organs

- e.g. puberty or menopause

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of sex organs

A
  1. Gonads
    - 1st to develop - via genetics
  2. Internal sex organs
    - precursers for male and female internal organs are present in embryo, default = girl
  3. external genitalia
    - visibile sex organs, masculine development requires androgens
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18
Q

what sex chromosomes does each gender have?

A

XX = male
XY = female
Determine different development of brain and gonads (organisational effect)

19
Q

Outline the hormons and systems men and woman have

A

Testosterone: WOLLFIAN SYSTEM develops, causing masculination

Estrogen: MULLERIAN SYSTEM develops, causnig feminisation

We’re a girl by default - During prenatal phase, if gonads start to develop testosterone - we become a boy

20
Q

Outline Turner Syndrome

A

X0 chromosome

  • Short stature, webbed necked, shield chest, wide nipples, rudimentary ovaries (dont work)
  • can happen under to foetus under infulence of genetics
21
Q

Describe brain areas involved in puberty as an activational effect

A
  1. Hypothalamus - produces GNRH
  2. Stimulates Pituitary gland produces LH and FSH (precursor hormones)
  3. Gonads (testes - testosterone, ovaries - estrogen)
    - estrogen helps ova release and develop egg (otherwise system resets)
    - testosterone can also be inhibited, dont need it 24/7
22
Q

Outline secondary sex characteristics

A

Testes: testosterone
- facial/ armpit hair, public hair, deeper voice, hairline changes, muscle growth, bone maturation, external genitalia mature

Ovaries: estrogen
- Breasts, fat distribution, external genitalia mature

23
Q

What are the effects of hormones on the brain?

A

Organisational - some structures are different in brains of men/ women

Activational - may affect some behaviours (sexual, emotional and cognitive)

24
Q

When do androgens affect the foetus?

A

prenatally - anatomy, social behaviour, sexual ID

25
Q

Descibe congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

GIRLS LOOK LIKE BOYS

  • Early exposure to androgens means they now produce androgens, precuros for testosterone
  • affects andrenal glands
  • enlarged clitoris, labia may be fused (vagina sealed)
  • Likely tom boys (rough and tumble)
  • LIkely to draw masculine things
  • 40% are gay/ bi, compared to 10% normally
26
Q

Describe Androgen insensitivity

A

BOYS DEVELOP AS GIRLS

  • female external genitalia, but no uterus/ tubes (no mullerian ducts)
  • testes instead
  • No periods, find this out when get pregnant
  • very feminin, average sex drive, mostly attracted to opposite sex
27
Q

What are the 3 consequences of androgen decrease prenatally?

A
  1. Maternal stress
    - Male rats behave like females, lift bum/ tail
    - is this the same in humans though?
  2. Older brother effect
    - after having first child, mothers body identifies next foetus as foreign so attacks it using antibodies
  3. hereditary
    - 3x homosexuality more frequent in Mz twins, runs in familites of other species too
28
Q

What cognitive functions are men better at?

A
  • Spatio-motor targetting ability
  • Perception of vertical/ horizontal mathematical reasoning
  • Spatial tasks (particularly imagining rotating a shape)
  • some overlap though, some woman are better
29
Q

Describe pheremones (activatinoal effects)

A
  • People can distinguish there t shirt from others (and know if its male or female)
  • substance found in sweat, increses social interactions in woman, but not men
  • Women living together synch up menstraul cycles - or get shorter when living with men
30
Q

What do pheremones do?

A

Transmit messages between animals, maybe for reproduction

  • dont conciously smell it, just pick it up
  • signal goes via olfactory bulb to medial amygdala, to pre-optci area + hypothalamus (memory)
31
Q

Describe hormones as an activational effects

A

Transmit messages from secreting gland to target tissue

32
Q

How do hormones effect sexual behaviour in men?

A

PROLACTION & OXYTOCIN released after ejaculation, inhibits desire, dont want to cuddle

TESTOSTEERONE - increases interest, fantasy, intercourse, and vice versa

33
Q

How do hormones effect sexual behaviour in women?

A

• ESTROGEN PEAK (ovulation) - more likely to initiatiate sex (depends on pregnancy/ desire)
- androgens amplify the effect they have

• OXYTOCIN (Pituitary) - released during orgasm, want to cuddle, associated with milk ejection, bonding in humans

34
Q

How does degree of prenatal androgenisation change brain structure?

A

Differences in:
• SCN (circadian) - larger in homo
• Sexually dimorphic nuclues (INAH-3) - larger in men
• Anterior commissure - connects temporal lobes
• bed nuclueas of the stria terminalis in forebrain
- mens is bigger, but transexual man is same size as women - affects identity but not orientation

35
Q

What are women better at?

A
  • verbal fluency
  • Perceptual speed (rapid pattern identity matches)
  • verbal/ item memory
  • some finer motor skills
36
Q

How does transexuals differ in the activational effects of hormones>

A

SLABBEKORN (1999)
• Female-to-male
- Given testosterone (beard/ low voice)
- became better at visospational but worse at fluency skills

•male-to-female

  • estrogen/anti-androgen has no effect on cognitive abilities
  • but grew breasts and finer, softer facial hair
37
Q

How does gender influence aggression?

A

•Boys more aggressive than girls - socialiastion? allo boys to do it more

  • Increased tesosterone during puberty = more aggression
  • Castration of sex offenders -> decreases drive and aggressive sex attacks (inconclusive)
  • In prisons, high test = high agression
  • Losing game = drop in testosterone - evolutionary
  • body builders on steroids = more aggression
  • men with Hypogonadal (lack/ loss of test) dont get more aggressive when given more, its lots it effect
38
Q

How is frontal cortex involved in aggression/

A

Frontal cortex
- contains serotonin axons, if destroyed = more aggression/ risk taking
• Orbito-frontal regisions
- impulse behaviour, anger outburts (phineas gage)
- regulation of emotional expression
•Low levels of 5-HIAA - in suicide patients - is depression agression towards self?

39
Q

Define emotions?

A

• Physiological response
-Autonomic response - SNS - blood pressure, heart rate

•Hormonal response

  • reinforces autonomic response (adrenaline/steroids), more blood flow to muscle, more glucose availabled
  • adrenal glands -> cortisol -> hormones -> glucose energy
  • Cortisol increases release of glucose in body
40
Q

How is emotion regulated by Amygdala?

A

• Involved in pheremones and sexual behaviour
•Organises:
- behavioural, autonomic and hormonal response to situations (fear/anger/disgust)

41
Q

What are inputs/ outputs to amygdala?

A

Input:
- olfactory system, association cortex, temporal lobe, frontal cortex, limbic system

output:
- Frontal cortex, hypothalamus, periaquiductal grey, hippocampus (recall of emotional events), brain stem nuclei associated with ANS and pineal glad

42
Q

How does serotonin influence agression?

A

Prozac (SSRI) decreases depression and agression as more serotonin exists - mixed evidence for prozac tho some say it may increase

43
Q

What did freud say about depression?

A

Depression is agression directed towards the self

Bio Psych (11 decks)

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