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Bio Psych > Lecture 3 - Nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Dosal

A

to the back, top of skull

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2
Q

Define Ventral

A

To the belly, bottom of the skull

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3
Q

Define Rostral/ anterior

A

Towards head/eyes

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4
Q

Define Caudal/ Posterior

A

Towards tail/ feet (in humans)

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5
Q

Define lateral

A

Away from middle of body - to sides of body

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6
Q

Define medial

A

Towards the middle

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7
Q

Neuraxis

A

Central axis of nervous system - line going down the body

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8
Q

What are the two references to the neuroaxis

A

Ipsilateral - on same side, left arm is ipsilateral to left leg

Contralateral - on oppsoite side - e.g hempispheres control oppositie sides of body

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9
Q

Define coronal sections

A

Parallel to forehead

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10
Q

Define Axial (Transverse) sections

A

Parrellel to ground

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11
Q

Define Saggital

A

Perpendicular to ground, parralel to neuraxis - side on

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12
Q

What are the 3 regions of the frontal lobe?

A
  1. Prefrontal cortex
  2. Primary Motor cortex
  3. Motor association cortex
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13
Q

Define the PFC

A

Very Front bit of frontal lobe

- complex cognitivie behaviours, e.g. executive functioning (planning etc), personality

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14
Q

Define the primary motor cortex

A

Movement activates msucles via motor neurons

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15
Q

Define the motor association cortex

A

Intiation of movement

- includes pre-motor cortex and supplementary motor cortex

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16
Q

What year was Phineas Gage and what did it tell us?

A

1848 - that personality traits are in pfc

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17
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of brain - responsible for many higher order functions

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18
Q

What is the surface of the cerebreal cortex englarged by?

A
  • Gyrus (bulges)
  • Sulcus (small grooves)
  • Fissure (large prominent grooves)
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19
Q

What are the 2 layres of the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer = grey matter
- cell odies, dendrites, glia

Inner layer - white matter
- myelinated axons - permits communication between areas of the brain

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20
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the brain?

A
  • Forebrain
  • Mid brain
  • Hind brain
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21
Q

What does the forebraiin include?

A

Cerebral Hemisphere, thalamus, hypothalaums, pituitaray, telencephalon and diencephalon

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22
Q

What does the midbrain include?

A

Part of brain stem

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23
Q

What does the hindbrain include?

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation

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24
Q

What is there none of in cns?

A

Nerves - instead neuron axons form pathways/tracts

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25
Q

Where are the temporal lobes?

A
  • at side of your heads
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26
Q

What is the temporal lobes associated with?

A

Auditory processing, vision perception, speech

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27
Q

What can damage do to temporal lobes?

A

LTM issues, issues with auditory and visual perception

28
Q

Where are the parietal lobes?

A

top of head, behind frontal lobes

29
Q

What does the parietal lobe include

A

primary somatosensory cortex - touch, sensation, pain pressure etc
- sensory analysis, communication, motor coordination and appropriateness

30
Q

What does damage to Pareital lobe cause?

A

Agnosia - cant recognise shapes
Apraxia - cant perform movement tasks
Aphasia - cant speak, read or write

31
Q

Where is occipital lobe

A

at beack of head

32
Q

what does occipital lobe include?

A

Primary visual cortex and visual association cortex

- vision - colour, motion, visual info

33
Q

What does damage to occipital lobe do?

A

Loss of vision, hallucinations, disorted vision

34
Q

Where is midbrain?

A

at top of brain stem

35
Q

What is function of midbrain

A

relay station, all info entering/ leaving brain goes through this
important for audition, vision, motor function

36
Q

What can damge to?

A

Damage to reticular formation can cause unconciousness/coma

37
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

one of 2 major divisions in forebrain, relatys sensory info and controls many automatic functions of pns

  • connects enodcrine system to ns, involved in emotions and memories alongside limbic system
  • includes thalamus and hypothalamus
38
Q

What are the 2 systems in the telencephalon?

A

Basal ganglia and limbic system

39
Q

Outline the basal ganglia

A 
A group of nuclei (neurons with same function) - Important for control of movement.
Includes:
- caudate nuclues
- globus pallidus
- putamen
40
Q

What can damage to basal ganglia do?

A

Dysinkesia - involuntary movement

Parkinsons - motor neuron disease, poor stance/ initiating movement

41
Q

Outline the limbis system

A

Involved with emotion and memory, works through emotion and memory

42
Q

What does limibc system include?

A
  • Limbic cortex (cingulate gyrus) - regulating and creating emotions
  • Amygdala (temporal lobe) - fear and emotion, risk and gambling
  • Anterior Thalamic nuclei - in diencephalon, temporal lobe
  • PLUS interconnected fiber bundles - e.g. fornix/ mammillary bodies
43
Q

What are the 3 ares of the hindbrain?

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
44
Q

Outline the cerebellum

A

in the hindbrain, 2 hemsipheres behind brain stem
- Connceted to stem via cerebellar penduncles
- Important in motor control:
• co-ordination, precisiong and timing of movements - smooth walking
• learning motor skills
• some reflexes

45
Q

What can damage to cerebellum do?

A

cause jerky, poorly co-ordinated exaggerated movement

- e.g. Ataxia - problems balance, swallowing, vision, speaking, writing, eating and walking (especially tandem)

46
Q

Outline the pons

A

Middle part of brainstem

  • Conveys movement info from cortex to cerebellum
  • controls sleep and arousal (reticular formation)
47
Q

What can damage to pons do?

A

Impaired co-ordination or movement/ posture - cant stay upright
- difficulties with sleep/arousal

48
Q

Outline the medulla

A

Lowest part of brain stem, continuous with spinal cord
- includes part of reticular formation - has a role in automatic functions
• breathing, • heart rate/ blood pressure, •involuntary functions like swallowing

49
Q

Damage to medulla can cause?

A

Death, compromised vital functions

50
Q

Outline the ventricles

A

4 hollow, interconnceted cavities, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (plasma + other things)

  • allos brain to float and not put pressure on base of brain - could damage it
  • also serves as a buffer to damage
  • Can deteroriate over time - e.g. dementia
51
Q

What are the names of the ventricles?

A

1st & 2nd ventricles = lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

52
Q

What are teh functions of CSF?

A

1) protection - buffer between brain and skulls
2) buoyancy - reduces pressure on base of skull
3) waste removal - harmful chemicals/ toxins - as its constantly being replenished
4) Transport - hormons throught brain - circulating substance

53
Q

Define the spinal cord

A

Part of cns, protected by vertebratal column

- mediates info transmission between brain and body below neck

54
Q

What are the 3 major functions of spinal cord?

A
  1. Conduit for sensory info - info from env travels up spinal cord to brain
  2. Conduit for motor info - travels down to periphery
  3. Co-ordinatinng certain reflexes
55
Q

Describe the anatomy of the spinal cord

A 
Opposite to cerebral cortex, spine has:
- GREY MATTER CORE
• interneurons, axons of afferent neurons, cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons, and glial cells
- WHITE MATTER SURROUND
•myelinated axons
56
Q

Define nerves

A

Neuron axons grouped into bundles - like a cable of loads of wires

  • neurons with axons in the pns
  • Ganglian = group of neuron cell bodies (plural ganglia)
57
Q

How many pairs of nerves are there in body?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

12 pairs of cranial nerves

58
Q

What does the PNS connect CNS to?

A

Limbs and organs via spanial/ cranial nerves.

Receptors receive info from environment, not just on surface of body tho - e.g. stomach lining etc

59
Q

Outline spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

- each pair is associated with particular segment of spinal cord.

60
Q

What are the veterbratal levels spinal nerves are named after?

A 
• Cervical (neck, shoulders, arms, hands)
- 8 pairs
• Thoracic (mid-back , chest, ribs, abs)
- 12 pairs
• Lumbar (lower back, hips, legs)
- 5 pairs
• Sacral (genitals)
- 5 pairs
• Coccygeal (coccyx)
- 1 pair
61
Q

Outline the cranial nerves

A

12 pairs that mediate info between brain and body above neck - nose tounge eyes etc

  • 11/12 pairs responsibile for this stuff - named after their function, e.g. olfactory
  • other 1 = VAGUS NERVE
62
Q

Outline the Vagus nerve

A

innervates internal organs in torso, connects to brain stem - e.g. gut, pancreas, liver etc

63
Q

Define the Autonomic NS

A

All neurons that innervate tissue other than skeletal muscle, controls involuntary functions, e.g. breathing

Efferent N’s control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Afferent N’s carry info from internal organs to CNS, not from muscles

64
Q

What are the 3 branches of Autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic
parasympathetic
Enteric - digestive tract

65
Q

Outline Somatic NS

A

Voluntary control of all body moement via skeletal muscles - purposeful and intended.
Receives sensory info and controls spinal nerves that innervate skin, joints and muscles
All nerve fibers going from cns to muscles, are in somatic NS
Afferent carry info from PNS to spine and vice versa

Bio Psych (11 decks)

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