Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio Psych > Lecture 5 - Audition > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Audition Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is sounds generated?

A

Objects vibrated, which vibrates the surrounding air moleculues - these air molecules condense and rarefy = producing waves. These waves travel away from object and stimulate receptors in our ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define physical dimensions of sounds

A

Amplitude - size from peak to trough - loudness
Frequency - number of waves in a give time - pitch (hz)
Timbre - Complexity of wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is in the anatomy of the outer ear?

A

Pinna -> Ear (auditory canal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is in the anatomy of the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane -> mallues (hammer), Incus (anvil) and Stapes (stirrup) - these are the 3 ossicles -> transmit info to oval window of cohclea.

This oval window is caused to vibrate by the movement of the ossicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is in the anatomy of the inner ear?

A

Cochlea (sensory organ filled with fluid) - contains the receptive organ- ORGAN OF CORTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purpose of the organ of corti?

A

Changes physical movements from ear drum, ossicles and oval window to electrical signals that transmits to brain. Changes sounds vibration into receptor potential via a bending of hairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 main structures of the organ of corti?

A
  1. Hair cells (auditory receptors)
    - either outer hair cells, or inner hair cells
  2. Basilar membrane (flexible)
  3. Tectorial membrane (rigid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are hair cells attached to organ of corti/

A

Hair cells are anchored to flexible basilra membrane, outer hair cells attached to tectorial membrane as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do hair cells create signals?

A

Basilar moves relative to tectorial membrane - causes cilia to bend/ move, this produces receptor potentials, not action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does sound frequency change basilar membrane?

A

Different strengths of vibrations cause parts of basilar membrane to bend/ flex back and forth.

Part of basilar membrane in cochlea that bends most depnds on frequency of sound
• high frequency - end nearest oval window
• low frequency - end furthest from oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two types of hair cells?

A

Inner - 1 row, cilia do not attach to tectorial membrane

outer - 3 rows, cilia attach to tectorial, act as a cohclear amplifiier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 ways the tecotrial membrane bends hairs?

A

directly - through conncetion - when basilar moves, hairs attacted to tectorial move
Indirectly - through fluid movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do hair cells connect to and send info via?

A

Connect to bipolar cells, transmit info via cochlear nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Cilia tip links

A

Tip links are under a small amount of tension at rest

  • highly flexible, fine, elastic filaments
  • connect to one cilium (singular) to the next
  • its the stretching, bending and flexing of these that cause membrane/ graded potentials
  • organised in tallest to shortest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does relaxing the tip link do

A
  • Stretching tallest to shortest
  • causes hyperpolarisation - ion channels open
  • decreeases receptor potentials
  • Decreases the amount of NT being released onto the bipolar cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does stretching the tip link do?

A
  • Stretching shortest to tallerst
  • causes depolarisation via ion channels opening
  • increases receptor potentials
  • increases the amount of NT being released onto cell
17
Q

Describe the central auditory pathyway

A
  1. Organ of corti (auditory nerve)
  2. Cochlear nucleus (medulla)
  3. Superior olivary complex (medulla)
  4. Inferior colliculus (midbrain)
  5. Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
  6. Auditory cortex of temporal lobe
18
Q

What are the 2 streams of the auditory cortex?

A

Ventrall stream
- what stream - analysis of complex sounds, terminates in parabelt region in anterior temporal lobe (short stream)

Dorsal stream
- Where system - sound localisation, terminates in posterior parietal cortex

19
Q

Which hemisphere receives info from which ear

A

Both get info from both ears, but mainly contralateral (side specific)

20
Q

How is loudness detected?

A

Signalled by rate of firing - louder sound produce more vibrations so more bending force on hair cell
This leads to more NT release so a higher rate of firing in bipolar cells

21
Q

What are the two ways that pitch is detected?

A
  1. Place coding - for moderate/ high freqs

2. Rate coding - for low freqs

22
Q

Define place coding for pitch

A

Codes frequency by different locations on basilar membrane - higher frequences are closer to oval window, lower are towards the apex end
Firing of particular neurons in cochlear nerve tells brain which freqs are presnent

23
Q

Define rate coding for pitch

A

Detected by neurousn that fire in synchrony with movement of basilar membrane at apex - Codes frequency by firing rates of neurons in auditory system

24
Q

How is timbre detected?

A

Sounds contain many frequencies (overtones) - but we perceive a fundamental frequency

  • different portions of basilar membrane respond to each overtone - when put together, they formed a unique anatomically coded pattern of activity in cochlear nerve
  • nerve activity is then identified by circuits in auditory association cortex
25
Q

how is spatial location detected? 2 ways

A
  • Uses dorsal stream
  • Horizontal location detected in 2 ways:

• Phase differences (for low freqs)
-desynchrony/ difference between ear drums ,if its slow enough to notice a difference
• Intensity differences
- used when sounds is too fast for phase differences
- Detects differences in intensity to determine location (sonic shadow)

26
Q

Define sonic shadow

A

Head blocks sound waves from hitting each other

27
Q

What are the 3 tyeps of hearing disorder?

A
  1. Conductive deafness
  2. Sensory/ Neural deafness
  3. Central deafness
28
Q

Define conductive deafness

A
  • can be treated
  • trouble conducting waves through ear
  • cant relay vibrations through structures
  • cuase: infection, wax, tumour, burst drum
29
Q

Define Sensory/ Neural deafness

A
  • Damage to cochlear, auditory nerve (neural) or hair cells (sensory)
  • Causes: hereditaary/ due to loud noise
  • can use cochlear implants
30
Q

Define central deafness

A
  • form of sensory/ neural
  • Dysfunction in auditory pathways/ auditory cortex
  • sounds is heard bu sounds quality is poor and cant be understood
31
Q

Define the vestibular system and its functions

A
  • in inner ear
  • has 2 components:
    1. Vestibular sacs
    2. Semicurcular canals
  • balance, keeps head upright position, adjust eye movement to compensate for head movement, posture, motion sickness
32
Q

describe the vestibular sacs

A

Two otolith structures:

  • UTRICLE AND SACCULE
  • contain cillia embedded in gel, the gel contains crystals
  • moveing head moves these crystals which move hairs, producing signals
33
Q

Describe the Semicurcular canals

A
  • rapidly respond to angular acceleration of head, not steady rotation though
  • 3 ring like structures orientated to the 3 major planes of head: sagittal, transverse, horizontal
  • again each one is filled with fluid, which moves hair cells in them, causing a signal
34
Q

Where do vestibular info go to?

A

Most neurons in vestibular nerve terminate in vestibular nuclei of medulla - some go straight to cerebeullum

35
Q

What makes up the auditory nerve?

A

Cochlear nerve + Vestibular nerve

36
Q

Where do vestibular neurons send info to?

A

Cerebullum, spinal cord, medulla, pons, temporal lobes

- all areas associated with movement, balance, responses etc - is this right?

Bio Psych (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions