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Bio Psych > Lecture 7 - Psychopathology > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What % fall under the category of abnormal?

A

30%, 1 in 3

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2
Q

What are the definitions of abnormal?

A
  • Statistical in frequency - outside 2 sd
  • Personal suffering
  • Norm violation (very culuturally/ historically specific)
  • Classification systems (just try make money)
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3
Q

What are the % for standard deviations?

A

1 SD = 68%
2 SD = 95%
3 SD = 98%

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4
Q

What % of population has sz?

A

1-2% of world

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5
Q

What does Sz literally mean/

A

Split mind

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6
Q

What does Sz disturb?

A
  • Thinking (issues with logic and structure, thoughts are random, confused and dont make sense, makes leaps in structure and describes unlikely events)
  • Emotion - e.g. laugh at funerals
  • Perception - Hallucinations
  • Behaviour - strange and disorganised
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7
Q

What are symptoms of sz?

A

•Delusions (fear of persuction, grandeur)
• Hallucinations (voices can be aggressive or supportive)
- linked to sensory modality, LSD effects same NT’s
• Attentional problems (voices = distracting)

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8
Q

What are the 3 branches of causes for Sz?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. environemtnal
  3. Psychological factors
  4. Biological factors
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9
Q

Outline genetic causes of Sz

A
  • Combination of many genes
  • herditary
  • doesnt make it certain, just more likely
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10
Q

Outline environmental causes of Sz

A
  • predispose abnormal brain development
  • Interacts with genetics:
    GENETIC VULNERABILITY AND ENV TRIGGER
    •Prenatal trauma/ infection/ influenza
    • childhood malnutrition/ trauma
    • complications with birth
    •maternal drug use during pregnancy
    • dad older than 45
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11
Q

Outline psychological causes of Sz

A
  • not primary cause
  • Maladaptive experiences
  • Dysfunctional cognitive habits
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12
Q

Outline biological causes of Sz

A
  • Enlarged ventricles (emotional expression, thinking, info processing, negative symptoms caused by less tisue around these)
  • Positive symptoms only assocated with dopamine, not strucutral abnormalities
  • Less tissue in:
    •Sub-cortical areas
    • Thalamic regions - relay station can cause thes issues
    • PFC - planning logic, analysis, organisation
  • contiuned loss makes worse symptoms
  • Integration of genetic and env factors - disruption in brain development caused by env factors
  • Synaptic pruning
  • Abnormalities in dopamine system (why ssri’s work for + symptoms)
    •Excessive dopamine = + symptoms
    • Not enough = - symptoms
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13
Q

OUtline synaptic pruning

A
  • a cause of Sz
  • synapse elimination occurs between childhood and puberty onset
  • Number of synapses peak so enzymes destroy those that arent necessary - in sz this is too much and cuts out loads
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14
Q

OUtline dopamine pathways

A

INvolved in Sz

  • Dopamine is involved in regulating movement and experiencing pleasure and reward - if low = no reward
  • malfunctioning causes sz or parkinsons etc
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15
Q

What is dopamine associated with?

A
  • Made in substantia nigra

- about movement and reward/ pleasure

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16
Q

What are the 3 dopaminergic pathways associated with sz?

A
  1. Nigro-striatal - MOVEMENT
    - from substantia nigra
    - goes to putamen/ caudate
  2. Mesolimbic - POSITIVE SYMPTOMS
    - from ventral tegmental area (VTA)
    - goes to limbic structures (amygdala/ nuclues accumbuns)
  3. Mesocortical - NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
    - from VTA
    - goes to frontal/ temporal loves
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17
Q

What receptors do anytipsychotics block?

A

D2 receptors

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18
Q

What symptoms do anti psychotics help?

A

Just positive symptoms, - symptoms worse

they stop dopamine having any effect

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19
Q

What are the 2 extreme mood disorders?

A

Depression and mania

- 1 in 5

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20
Q

What % of population has depression?

A

17%, 3f/ 1m

- men supposed to not show emotion

21
Q

What are the side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Serious:
• Tremors, muscle rigidity, restlessness, (slow movement)
• Symptoms of parkinsons (pill rolling)

  • Tardive Dyskenisia (motor system) - after prolunged use, due to excessive dopamine - cant control movements
22
Q

Describe depression

A

Feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness, helplessness

23
Q

What can depression cause?

A
  • Weight gain/ loss, sleep problems, cognitive deficitis, risk of suicide
24
Q

Outline bipolar disorder

A

Two extreme moods, depression or mania

- mania = abnormally elevated arousaal, affect and energy

25
Q

What are the neural causes of mood disorders?

A

• reduced brain development (frontal lobes/ hippocampus)
• Malfunctions of endocrine system (abnormal cortisol levels effects brain function)
• NT imbalances (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine)
• Malfunctions in ‘good mood’ regions (PFC, hippocampus, amygdala - limbic system)
- difficulties in emotion, and which to suppress/ express

26
Q

What are the 3 types of anti-depressants?

A
  1. SSRI
  2. MAO-I
  3. Tricyclic

effective in 50-60% patients

27
Q

How do SSRI’s work?

A
  • Reduces the feed back mechanism, serotonin is not reputaken and as there is not enough coming back to vessicles, brain makes more!
  • Takes abuot 6 weeks
28
Q

How do MAO-I’s work?

A

MAO = enzyme that clears up NT’s in synapse

  • These drugs inhibit this enzyme family (monamine oxidase)
  • leaves more NT in the brain
29
Q

How do Tricyclics work?

A

Block absorption of serotonin and norepinephrine

-

30
Q

What % of population has OCD?

A

2-4%

31
Q

Descrease OCD

A

MMore intense than familiar/ common experiences of having a repetivive thought
- characterised by insight in irrational fear

32
Q

What are the symptoms of OCD?

A
  • persistant, upsetting unwanted thoughts (obsessions)
  • e.g. self harm/ cleaning
  • ritualistic, repetitive behaviours (compulsions)
  • e.g. checking locks et
33
Q

What are the 3 anxitey disorders we learn about?

A
  1. phobias
  2. generalised anxiety disorder
  3. OCD
34
Q

What are the symptoms of anxiety disorders?

A
  • intense feelings of apprehension
  • Long-lasting
  • disruptive
35
Q

What are the biological causes of anxiety disorders?

A

•Genetic
- no 1 gene
- shared environment - as well as SLT
• Excessive activity of norepinephrine (panic disorder)
• disregulation of serotonin -> Generalised anxiety disorder, OCD

X - cause and effect

36
Q

What do we need to keep neurotransmission running?

A

Enzymes

37
Q

How does depression affect sleep?

A
  • Disrupts biological rhythms/ clock

- Associated with insomnia/ fragmented sleep

38
Q

How can sleep treatments help depression

A
  • Sleep-deprivation - skipping a nights sleep resets the clock (X - high relapse)
  • Physical excerise helps sleep
39
Q

What are the alternative treatments for depression?

A

• Electro- conclusive therapy

  • Seizures seem to reset sytem, causes memory loss -> improvements
  • 40-60% sucess, but high relapse

• CBT

  • 70-80%
  • Changing thinking and behaviour -learning more adaptive thinking
  • used alongside drugs
40
Q

What are the biological causes of OCD?

A

• Dopaminergic hypofunction in PFC

  • Not enough dopamine
  • affects reward, motivation, compulsions (cant stop them)
  • Structural abnormalities - more grey matter
  • Limbic system - cingulatomy (Cut through cingulate gyrus)
  • CBT CAN ALSO HELP
41
Q

What are the drug treatments for anxiety?

A

• Anxiolytics

  • tranquilising effect, reduces NT
  • used in epilepsy
  • INCLUDES BENZODIAZEPINES (e.g. Xanax)
42
Q

Outline Benzodiazepines

A

• Side effects

  • Sleepines, light headed, impaired thinking
  • very addictive, can kill with alcohol

• Effects GABA - so dampens neuron excitability

43
Q

What are the 4 sites of action of Benzos?

A
  1. Spinal cord (muscle relaxation)
  2. Brain stem (ant-convulsant efffect)
  3. Cerebellum (leads to lack of coordination tho)
  4. Limbic and cortical areas (inhibit arousal, make you sleepy)
44
Q

Outline symptoms of ADHD

A
  • Impulsivity
  • inability to concentrate
  • Problems in memory, decision making
45
Q

What are causes of ADHD?

A
  • genetic (75%)
  • Brain damage
  • lead poisining
  • low birthweight
  • NT abnormalities (Ritalin)
46
Q

How many does ADHD effect?

A

3-7% of children

  • mainly boys
  • can also just be ADD
47
Q

Outline symptoms of Autism

A

Neuro-developmental disorder

  • Inability to develop social relations
  • repetive stereotypical behaviours (mirro neurons)
  • savantism
48
Q

How many does autism effect?

A

10-20 per 10,000 births

  • getting more common
  • many types - speecturm
49
Q

What are causes of autism?

A
  • Brain enlargement/ reduction
  • prenatal viral infection
  • genetic
  • Phenylketonaria (PKA) - disease in childhood

Bio Psych (11 decks)

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