Lecture 9- Race and Ethnicity Flashcards
What are the key readings?
Hudson, Farrant and Bowling & Phillips
What are the key points from Farrant?
Minority ethnic women are subject to race and class biased negotiation
Skin colour is used to assert power and control
What are the key points from Hudson?
Western law is dominated by white affluent males
Concept of the other through race cause divisions
Race may be more salient than gender
Reflective justice should focus on case in terms of subjectivities
Relational justice refers of identities and rights
Oppression and dominance conceptualise injustice
Oppression has 5 aspects: marginalisation, powerlessness, exploitation, violence and cultural imperialism
What are the key points from Bowling and Phillips?
Black people being below Caucasian hierarchically
The criminal man= coloured races being ‘habitual delinquents’
Fears that ethnic minorities will pollute the British Race
Poor housing conditions for ethnic minorities
Black people have a greater disadvantage for education
Cultural, structural and socio-economic factors causes direct and indirect racial discrimination
British criminality due to the disease of racial degeneration
Who used the term of intersectionality?
Crenshaw
What is intersectionality?
The ways that race and gender shape the dimensions of Black women’s employment
What is intersectionality used for?
Exploring the links between gender, race, culture and crime
What is race?
Classification of humans according to physical features, based on real or perceived biological differences and used hierarchically
What does Bowling and Phillips say about ethnicity?
Ethnic groups are collective group of individuals who share a distinct culture
What does Cashmore and Troyna say about racism?
The doctrine that the world’s popilation is divisble in categories based on physical differences transmitted genetically, belief of superiority
What are critiques of ethnicity?
Risk that is has become a euphemism for race (Bowling and Phillips)
Signalling that black people are object of concerns
What did CSEW 2004/05 find with crime and ethnicity?
People from mixed ethnic groups face significantly higher risks of being a victim of crime than white people
BAME groups are more likely than white people to be worried about burglary, car crime and violent crime
What is a hate crime in the UK?
Any criminal offence that is motivated by hostility towards someone based on a personal characteristics
What is the home office statistics for hate crime in 2017?
Race= 78%
Sexual orientation= 11%
Religion= 7%
Disability= 7%
Transgender= 2%
What are the increases for race hate crimes between 15-16 and 16-17?
27% increase in race hate crime and 35% increase in religious hate crime
Why has the increase occurred in the UK for hate crime?
Following the Westminister Bridge terrorist attack
What did the Lammy Review find with stop and searches?
Disproportionate use of stop and search in BAME people
3x more likely to be stopped and searched than white people
Stop and searches used to disrupt gang crime
What did Mauer et al find with drug offences and women?
Disproportion of women sent to prison for drug offences
What did Bush-Baskette find with drug offences and women?
Black women have suffered from greatest increase in percentage of inmates incarcerated for drug offences
What did the Lammy Review find with racial and gender disparties in the UK?
Black men are 3x more likely to be arrested than white men
Black women and boys are more likely to be arrested than white women and boys
Mixed ethnic men and women are 2x more likely to be arrested than white men and women
What are the racial disparities in Crown Court in the Ministry of Justice 2011?
44.5% black, 33.7% asian, 33.5% white
What did Criminal Justice System race unit find with young BAME offenders?
More likely to receive community sentencing less likely to be discharged to given a referral order
What did Young Review find with BAME, gender, age and faith intersection?
Young, black/Muslim men are over-represented at all stages of CJS experience (more likely to be stopped and searched and more likely to plead not guilty and more likely to be tried)
BAME representation in prison population is influenced by ag and there is more young BAME males than older
What did the Lammy Review find with Roma and travellers?
Often missing from published statistics about children in the CJS and over-represented in youth custody
What did the Young Review find with black and Muslim people in prison?
They are over-represented and is rising significantly for Muslims since 2002
What did the MacPherson report say about institutional racism?
Failture of an organisation to provide a professional service to people of colour
What was the impact of the MacPherson report?
Forced changes in the way racist offences were recorded
Highlighted issues of absense of trust in policing among BAME communities
Important for catalyst for change in the police service (Foster, Newburn and Souhami)
What is the inherent racialised power structure from a critical perspective?
Placing of race at the centre of its analysis
Argues racial inequality is embedded in the power structure
Negative stereotypes have persisted
Racism changes form and permeates social and cultural life
Racial disparities have worsened in terms of arrests, prosecution, sentencing and incarceration
