Lecture 9- Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

What are the key readings?

Answer 1

Hudson, Farrant and Bowling & Phillips

Question 2

What are the key points from Farrant?

Answer 2

Minority ethnic women are subject to race and class biased negotiation
Skin colour is used to assert power and control

Question 3

What are the key points from Hudson?

Answer 3

Western law is dominated by white affluent males
Concept of the other through race cause divisions
Race may be more salient than gender
Reflective justice should focus on case in terms of subjectivities
Relational justice refers of identities and rights
Oppression and dominance conceptualise injustice
Oppression has 5 aspects: marginalisation, powerlessness, exploitation, violence and cultural imperialism

Question 4

What are the key points from Bowling and Phillips?

Answer 4

Black people being below Caucasian hierarchically
The criminal man= coloured races being ‘habitual delinquents’
Fears that ethnic minorities will pollute the British Race
Poor housing conditions for ethnic minorities
Black people have a greater disadvantage for education
Cultural, structural and socio-economic factors causes direct and indirect racial discrimination
British criminality due to the disease of racial degeneration

Question 5

Who used the term of intersectionality?

Answer 5

Crenshaw

Question 6

What is intersectionality?

Answer 6

The ways that race and gender shape the dimensions of Black women’s employment

Question 7

What is intersectionality used for?

Answer 7

Exploring the links between gender, race, culture and crime

Question 8

What is race?

Answer 8

Classification of humans according to physical features, based on real or perceived biological differences and used hierarchically

Question 9

What does Bowling and Phillips say about ethnicity?

Answer 9

Ethnic groups are collective group of individuals who share a distinct culture

Question 10

What does Cashmore and Troyna say about racism?

Answer 10

The doctrine that the world’s popilation is divisble in categories based on physical differences transmitted genetically, belief of superiority

Question 11

What are critiques of ethnicity?

Answer 11

Risk that is has become a euphemism for race (Bowling and Phillips)
Signalling that black people are object of concerns

Question 12

What did CSEW 2004/05 find with crime and ethnicity?

Answer 12

People from mixed ethnic groups face significantly higher risks of being a victim of crime than white people
BAME groups are more likely than white people to be worried about burglary, car crime and violent crime

Question 13

What is a hate crime in the UK?

Answer 13

Any criminal offence that is motivated by hostility towards someone based on a personal characteristics

Question 14

What is the home office statistics for hate crime in 2017?

Answer 14

Race= 78%
Sexual orientation= 11%
Religion= 7%
Disability= 7%
Transgender= 2%

Question 15

What are the increases for race hate crimes between 15-16 and 16-17?

Answer 15

27% increase in race hate crime and 35% increase in religious hate crime

Question 16

Why has the increase occurred in the UK for hate crime?

Answer 16

Following the Westminister Bridge terrorist attack

Question 17

What did the Lammy Review find with stop and searches?

Answer 17

Disproportionate use of stop and search in BAME people
3x more likely to be stopped and searched than white people
Stop and searches used to disrupt gang crime

Question 18

What did Mauer et al find with drug offences and women?

Answer 18

Disproportion of women sent to prison for drug offences

Question 19

What did Bush-Baskette find with drug offences and women?

Answer 19

Black women have suffered from greatest increase in percentage of inmates incarcerated for drug offences

Question 20

What did the Lammy Review find with racial and gender disparties in the UK?

Answer 20

Black men are 3x more likely to be arrested than white men
Black women and boys are more likely to be arrested than white women and boys
Mixed ethnic men and women are 2x more likely to be arrested than white men and women

Question 21

What are the racial disparities in Crown Court in the Ministry of Justice 2011?

Answer 21

44.5% black, 33.7% asian, 33.5% white

Question 22

What did Criminal Justice System race unit find with young BAME offenders?

Answer 22

More likely to receive community sentencing less likely to be discharged to given a referral order

Question 23

What did Young Review find with BAME, gender, age and faith intersection?

Answer 23

Young, black/Muslim men are over-represented at all stages of CJS experience (more likely to be stopped and searched and more likely to plead not guilty and more likely to be tried)
BAME representation in prison population is influenced by ag and there is more young BAME males than older

Question 24

What did the Lammy Review find with Roma and travellers?

Answer 24

Often missing from published statistics about children in the CJS and over-represented in youth custody

Question 25

What did the Young Review find with black and Muslim people in prison?

Answer 25

They are over-represented and is rising significantly for Muslims since 2002

Question 26

What did the MacPherson report say about institutional racism?

Answer 26

Failture of an organisation to provide a professional service to people of colour

Question 27

What was the impact of the MacPherson report?

Answer 27

Forced changes in the way racist offences were recorded
Highlighted issues of absense of trust in policing among BAME communities
Important for catalyst for change in the police service (Foster, Newburn and Souhami)

Question 28

What is the inherent racialised power structure from a critical perspective?

Answer 28

Placing of race at the centre of its analysis
Argues racial inequality is embedded in the power structure
Negative stereotypes have persisted
Racism changes form and permeates social and cultural life
Racial disparities have worsened in terms of arrests, prosecution, sentencing and incarceration