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BIO 231 [Exam #3] > Lecture #9 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture #9 - Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic divisions of the nervous system:

Describe the central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • composed of the brain and spinal cord
  • integrating and command center of the NS
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2
Q

Basic divisions of the nervous system:

Describe the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • made of nerves extending from brain and spinal cord (cranial and spinal nerves)
  • link all regions of body to CNS
  • contain ganglia (clusters of neuronal cell bodies)
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3
Q

Basic divisions of the nervous system:

Name the senses found in the somatic sensory. What are their functions?

A
  • general somatic senses: receptors spread throughout body; touch, pain, pressure, temperature, vibration
  • proprioceptive senses: detect stretch in tendons/muscles; sensor body position
  • special somatic senses: hearing, balance, vision
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4
Q

Basic divisions of the nervous system:

Name the senses found in the visceral sensory. What are their function?

A
  • general visceral senses:
    pain, nausea, hunger, temperature, stretch
    felt in digestive and urinary tracts, and reproductive organs
  • special visceral senses: taste, smell
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5
Q

Basic divisions of the nervous system:

Describe the visceral motor

A
  • controls function of visceral organs
  • regulates contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle
  • makes up autonomic/involuntary NS
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6
Q

Basic divisions of the nervous system:

Describe the somatic motor

A
  • general somatic motor: signals contraction of skeletal muscle
  • under voluntary control
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7
Q

What are the special characteristics of a neuron? Describe them

A
  • Longevity: can live and function for a lifetime
  • Do not divide: fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis (exception: neural stem cells)
  • High metabolic rate: require abundance oxygen and glucose (neurons die after 5 minutes without oxygen)
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8
Q

Neuron Processes

Describe the cell body (soma)

A
  • size varies
  • most neuronal cell bodies located in CNS
  • neuronal cell bodies in PNS are called ganglia
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9
Q

Neuron Processes

Describe the dendrites

A
  • branch from cell body
  • transmit electrical signals TOWARD cell body
  • function as receptive sites for receiving signals from other neurons
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10
Q

Neuron Processes

Describe the axons

A
  • neuron has only one
  • impulse generator and conductor
  • transmit impulses AWAY from cell body
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11
Q

Neuron Processes

Describe the action potential

A
  • generated at initial segment of axon
  • conducted along axon to terminal boutons
  • neurotransmitters: released from vesicles at the terminal boutons
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12
Q

Neuron Processes

Describe the synapse

A
  • site at which neurons communicate
  • most information passed through chemical messengers
  • presynaptic neuron: conduct signal toward a synapse
  • postsynaptic neuron: transmit electrical activity away from synapse
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13
Q

Classification of Neurons

Describe this structural classification: multipolar

A
  • contain more than 2 processes (numerous dendrites to one axon)
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14
Q

Classification of Neurons

Describe this structural classification: bipolar

A
  • contain 2 processes
    (rare, found in some special sensory organs)
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15
Q

Classification of Neurons

Describe this structural classification: unipolar

A
  • contain one single short process
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16
Q

Name the different types of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS)

A

AMEO
- astrocytes
- microglia
- ependymal cells
- oligodendrocytes

17
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS

Describe astrocytes

A
  • most abundant glial cell type
  • regulates neurotransmitter levels
  • signals increases blood flow to active brain regions
  • controls ionic environment around neurons

(star-shaped)

18
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS

Describe microglia

A
  • smallest and least abundant glial cell
  • phagocytic (macrophage of CNS)
  • engulf invading microorganisms and dead neurons
19
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS

Describe ependymal cells

A
  • line central cavity of brain and spinal cord
  • ciliated: helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid
20
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS

Describe oligodendrocytes

A
  • wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS
  • produce myelin sheath in CNS
21
Q

Name the different types of neuroglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

SaSc
- satellite cells
- schwann cells

22
Q

Neuroglia in the PNS

Describe satellite cells

A
  • surround neuron cell bodies with ganglia
23
Q

Neuroglia in the PNS

Describe schwann cells

A
  • surround axons in PNS
  • form myelin sheath in PNS
24
Q

Myelin Sheaths in the CNS

Describe gray matter

A
  • surrounds hollow central cavities in CNS
  • site where neuron cell bodies cluster
  • where synapses occur
25
Q

Myelin Sheaths in the CNS

Describe white matter

A
  • made of myelinated axons
  • consists of axons passing between specific regions of CNS
26
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System

Describe nerves

A
  • cabe-like organ in PNS
  • made of numerous axons wrapped in CT
  • axon is surrounded by schwann cells
  • contain myelinated and nonmyelinated sensory and motor axons
27
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System

Describe endoneurium

A
  • layer of delicate CT surrounding the axon
28
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System

Describe perineurium

A
  • CT that wraps a nerve fascicle
    (nerve fascicle - groups of axons bound into bundles)
29
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System

Describe epineurium

A
  • whole nerve is surrounded by tough fibrous sheath
30
Q

Neuronal Circuits

Describe diverging circuit

A
  • one presynaptic neuron synapses with several other neurons (divergence)
31
Q

Neuronal Circuits

Describe converging circuit

A
  • many presynaptic neurons synapses on a single post synaptic neuron (convergence)
32
Q

Neuronal Circuits

Describe reverberating circuit

A
  • circuit that receives feedback via a collateral axon from a neuron in the circuit
33
Q

What is the most common type of synapse that is between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another?

A

axodendritic

34
Q

What type of synapse is between the axons and neuronal cell bodies?

A

axosomatic

35
Q

What is located on the presynaptic side that contains membrane-bound sacs with neurotransmitters and has mitochondria that are abundant in axon terminals?

A

synaptic vesicles

36
Q

What separates the plasma membrane of two neurons?

A

synaptic cleft

BIO 231 [Exam #3] (4 decks)

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