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BIO 231 [Exam #3] > Lecture #10 - The Senses > Flashcards

Lecture #10 - The Senses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Chemical Senses

Name the chemical senses and its contents.

A
  • taste (gustation)
  • smell (olfaction)
  • contain chemoreceptors that respond to chemicals (ex. food dissolved in saliva; airborne chemicals that dissolve in nasal mucosa)
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2
Q

Smell (olfaction)

Olfactory receptors are a part of what type of tissue?

A

olfactory epithelium

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3
Q

Smell (olfaction)

Name the specific epithelia the olfactory epithelium is made of.

What are the three main cell types in the olfactory epithelium?

A
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelium

SOO
- supporting epithelial cells
- olfactory sensory neurons
- olfactory stem cells

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4
Q

Smell (olfaction) - CELL BODIES

Where are the cell bodies of the olfactory sensory neurons located?

Describe the cell bodies of the olfactory sensory neurons.

Describe function of olfactory cilia.

A
  • location: olfactory epithelium
  • contain apical dendrite -> projects to epithelial surface; ends in knob where olfactory cilia radiate
  • olfactory cilia act as receptive structures for smell -> mucus captures and dissolves odor molecules
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5
Q

Smell (olfaction) - AXONS

What is the name of a bundle of axons of olfactory sensory neurons?

A

filaments of the olfactory nerve

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6
Q

Smell (olfaction) - AXONS

Describe the direction of the filaments of the olfactory sensory nerve

What do mitral cells do?

A
  • penetrate cribriform plate of ethmoid bone -> enter olfactory bulbs -> synapse with mitral cells
  • transmit impulses along olfactory tract to the limbic system and primary olfactory cortex
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7
Q

The Eye - Fibrous Layer

What layer of the eye does the fibrous layer make up?

What regions of connective tissue make up the fibrous layer?

A
  • most external layer of the eyeball

SCS
- sclera
- cornea
- scleral venous sinus

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8
Q

The Eye - Fibrous Layer

Describe the sclera

Describe the cornea

Describe the scleral venous sinus

A

SCLERA
- posterior 5/6 of fibrous layer
- white, opaque region
- provides shape and an anchor for eye muscle

CORNEA
- anterior 1/6 of fibrous layer
- transparent; clear

SCLERAL VENOUS SINUS
- allows aqueous humor to drain

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9
Q

The Eye - Vascular Layer

What layer of the eye does the vascular layer make up?

What is the components is the vascular layer made of?

A

middle layer
- choroid
- ciliary body
- iris

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10
Q

The Eye - Vascular Layer

Describe the choroid

Describe the ciliary body

A

CHOROID
- vascular, darkly pigmented membrane
- brown color (from melanocytes)
- prevents scattering of light rays
- (corresponds to arachnoid and pia maters)

CILIARY BODY
- thickened ring of tissue; encircles lens
- composed of ciliary muscle
-> ciliary processes - posterior surface of ciliary body
-> ciliary zonule - attached around entire circumference of lens

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11
Q

The Eye - Vascular Layer

Describe the iris

What is the round, central opening of the iris? Describe this structure

A

IRIS

  • visible, colored part of eye
  • attached to ciliary body
  • made of smooth muscle

PUPIL

  • contains sphincter and dilator pupillae muscle
    -> acts to vary size of pupil
  • pupillary light reflex - protective response; pupil constricts in bright light
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12
Q

The Eye - Retinal Layer

What part of the eye does the retinal layer make up?

What layers make up the retinal layer? Describe them and the types of neurons found here (if applicable)

A
  • innermost/deepest layer
  • pigmented layer: single layer of melanocytes
  • neural layer: sheet of nervous tissue
    -> photoreceptor cells
    -> bipolar cells
    -> ganglion cells
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13
Q

The Eye - Retinal Layer

Describe how the neural layer of retinal layer works

A
  1. photoreceptor cells signal bipolar cells
  2. bipolar cells signal ganglion cells to generate nerve impulse
  3. axons from ganglion cells run along internal surface of retina -> converge posteriorly to form optic nerve
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14
Q

The Eye - Retinal Layer - Photoreceptors

What are the two main types of photoreceptors? Describe them

A
  • rod cells: more sensitive to light; allow vision in dim light
  • cone cells: operate best in bright light; enable high-acuity, color vision

photoreceptors
- vulnerable to damage by light or heat
- cannot be regenerated if destroyed

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15
Q

Regional Specializations of the Retina

Name the different types of regional specilizations of the retina

A

FOMO

  • fovea centralis: contains only cones (region of highest visual activity)
  • optic disc: blind spot
  • macula lutea: contains mostly cones
  • ora serrata: neural layer ends at the posterior margin of ciliary body; pigmented layers covers ciliary body and posterior surface of iris
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16
Q

Internal Chambers and Fluids

What divides the eye into anterior and posterior segments?

A

lens and ciliary zonules

17
Q

Internal Chambers and Fluids

Describe the posterior segment of the eye

A
  • filled with vitreous humor (clear, jellylike substance)
    -> vitreous humor transmits light and maintains intraocular pressure
18
Q

Internal Chambers and Fluids

Describe the anterior segment of the eye

A
  • divided into anterior and posterior CHAMBERS
    -> anterior chamber: between cornea and iris
    -> posterior chamber: between iris and lens
  • filled with aqueous humor
    -> renewed consistently
    -> supplies nutrients to the lens
19
Q

The Lens

Describe what the lens is

Define lens epithelium

Define lens fibers

A
  • thick, transparent, biconvex disc that is held in place by ciliary zonule (help change size)
  • lens epithelium: covers anterior surface of lens
  • lens fibers: form bulk of lens
    -> new lens fibers are continuously added
    -> lens enlarges throughout life
20
Q

The Ear

What are the three main regions of the ear?

Describe what each region functions in

A
  • external ear: hearing
  • middle ear: hearing
  • internal ear: hearing and equilibrium
21
Q

The External Ear

  • What structures is the external ear composed of?
  • What do the structures in the external ear do?
A
  • auricle: helps direct sound
  • external acoustic meatus: channels sound to eardrum (hairs, sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands)
  • tympanic membrane (eardrum): thin cone-shaped connective tissue that transmits sound from air to ossicles
    -> forms boundary between external and middle ear
22
Q

The Middle Ear

  • What structure is the middle ear composed of?
  • What do the structures in the middle ear do?
A

TTOP

  • tympanic cavity: small, air-filled cavity that’s located within temporal bone
  • tensor tympani and stapedius: two tiny skeletal muscles in middle ear cavity
  • ossicles:
    -> malleus: attaches to eardrum
    -> incus: between malleus and stapes
    -> stapes: vibrates against oval window
  • pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube): links middle ear and pharynx
23
Q

What part of the ear is also called the labyrinth and lies within the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

internal ear

24
Q

The Internal Ear

  • What parts make up the bony labyrinth?
  • Describe the membranous labyrinth. What parts make up the membranous labyrinth?
A
  • bony labyrinth: semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea
  • membranous labyrinth: series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts; filled with endolymph
  • semicircular ducts (in semicircular canals)
  • utricle and saccule (in vestibule)
  • cochlear duct (in cochlea)
25
Q

The Internal Ear - Membranous Labyrinth

  • What is the function of the semicircular ducts?
  • What is the general function of the utricle and saccule? What is the individual function of the utricle and saccule?
  • What is the function of the cochlear duct?
A
  • equilibrium: rotational (angular) acceleration of the head
  • equilibrium: static equilibrium and linear acceleration of head
    -> utricle: horizontal acceleration
    -> saccule: vertical acceleration
  • hearing
26
Q

The Cochlea

  • Describe the components of the cochlea
A
  • cochlear duct (scala media): contains receptors for hearing
  • spiral organ (of Corti): receptor epithelium for hearing
    -> consists of: supporting cells and inner and outer hair cells (receptor cells)
  • inner hair cells: transmit vibrations of the basilar membrane
  • outer hair cells: tune the cochlea and amplify signals
27
Q

The Vestibule

  • Where is it located?
  • What structures are found in the vestibule?
A
  • lies medial to middle ear
  • utricle and saccule: suspended in perilymph and are two egg-shaped parts of the membranous labyrinth; house macula: spot of sensory epithelium
  • macula: contains receptor cells (hair cells)
    -> monitor the position of the head when the head is still
    -> receptor/hair cells synapse with vestibular nerve; tips of hair cells embedded in otolith membrane
28
Q

The Semicircular Canals

  • Name the structures found here and describe them
A
  • anterior, posterior, and lateral semicircular canals: canals are place in different spatial plane
  • semicircular duct: snakes through each semicircular canal
  • membranous ampulla: houses crista ampullaris -> cristae contain receptor cells of rotational acceleration

BIO 231 [Exam #3] (4 decks)

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