Lecture #12 - Respiratory System Flashcards
Structure of the Respiratory System - NOSE
Describe the function/contents of the NOSE
SHRMPS (like shrimp)
- skin is thin + many sebaceous glands
- houses olfactory receptors
- resonating chamber for speech
- moistens, warms, and filters air
- provides airway for respiration
- size variation (due to difference in nasal cartilage)
Structure of the Respiratory System - PHARYNX
Describe the passageway of the PHARYNX
What does the PHARYNX connect?
What are the different sections of the PHARYNX?
What changes in the PHARYNX?
- funnel-shaped passageway
- connects nasal cavity and mouth
- divided into three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
- type of mucosal lining changes along its length
Structure of the Respiratory System - NASOPHARYNX
Describe the passageway of the NASOPHARYNX.
Where is the NASOPHARYNX located?
What happens when in the NASOPHARYNX when swallowing food?
- only an air passageway; contains opening to pharyngotympanic tube
- is superior to point where food enters; continuous with the nasal cavity
- becomes closed off (uvula reflects superiorly)
Structure of the Respiratory System - NASOPHARYNX
What structures are found in the NASOPHARYNX
What are the tonsils found in the NASOPHARYNX? Define them.
- pharyngeal tonsil: located on posterior wall; destroys entering pathogens
- tubal tonsil: provides some protection from infection
Structure of the Respiratory System - OROPHARYNX
Describe the passageway of the OROPHARYNX
What type of epithelium is the OROPHARYNX made of?
What are the tonsils in the OROPHARYNX? Where are they located?
- archlike entranceway that extends from soft palate to epiglottis
- stratified squamous epithelium
- palatine tonsils: in lateral walls of fauces
- lingual tonsils: cover posterior surface of tongue
Structure of the Respiratory System - LARYNGOPHARYNX
Describe the passageway of the LARYNGOPHARYNX
What type of epithelium is the LARYNGOPHARYNX made of?
Describe the location of the LARYNGOPHARYNX
- passageway for food and air
- stratified squamous epithelium
- continuous with esophagus and larynx; extends to inferior boundary of cricoid cartilage
Structure of the Respiratory System - LARYNX
Describe the location of the LARYNX
What are the functions of the LARYNX?
What is unique about the framework of the LARYNX?
- superiorly attaches to hyoid bone (opens into laryngopharynx); inferiorly is continuous with trachea
- voice production
- provides open airway
- routes air and food into proper channels (superior opening is closed during swallowing, open during breathing)
- framework is arrangement of nine cartilages
Structure of the Respiratory System - LARYNX
What structures can be found in the LARYNX?
Describe these structure of the structures.
- thyroid cartilage: shield-shaped; forms laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)
- epiglottis: tips inferiorly during swallowing
vocal ligaments of larynx:
- vocal fold (true vocal cords): act in sound production
- vestibular folds (false vocal cords): no role in sound production
Structure of the Respiratory System - TRACHEA
Describe the location of the TRACHEA
Describe the cartilage of the TRACHEA and its function
What marks where the trachea divides into two primary bronchi? What type of epithelium is here?
- descends into the mediastinum
- c-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open
- carina (pseudostratified ciliated columnar)
Structure of the Respiratory System - BRONCHIAL TREE
What is the BRONCHIAL TREE?
Describe the bronchi of the BRONCHIAL TREE
- extensively branching respiratory passageways
- primary bronchi are the largest bronchi
- right main bronchi is wider and shorter than the left
What consists of air-exchanging structures?
the respiratory zone
Structure of the Respiratory System - RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
What is the function of the RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES?
What do the RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES lead to?
- gas exchange occurs where smooth muscle is absent
- leads to alveolar ducts -> leads to alveolar sacs
Structure of the Respiratory System - ALVEOLI
Why are there so many ALVEOLI (~400 million) in the respiratory zone?
Describe the structure of the ALVEOLI and the structures found in the ALVEOLI. What are their functions?
- account for tremendous surface area for gas exchange
- single layer of simple squamous epithelium
- alveolar cells: secrete surfactant -> reduces surface tension in alveoli
- alveolar macrophages: remove tiny inhaled particles
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What are the major landmarks of the lungs?
What are the functions of each of these major landmarks?
- APEX: superior tip of lungs
- BASE: concave inferior surface
- HILUM: indentation on mediastinal surface; are where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter/exit the lung
- ROOT: structure that enter and leave the lung at the hilum; blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves
What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?
- inspiration: inhalation
- expiration: exhalation
