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BIO 231 [Exam #3] > Lecture #11 - Blood and Heart > Flashcards

Lecture #11 - Blood and Heart Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Composition of Blood

Describe the cellular and liquid components of blood

A
  • specialized connective tissue
  • blood cells (cellular component)
  • plasma (liquid component)
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2
Q

Composition of Blood

  • What is hematocrit?
  • What is a buffy coat?
A
  • hematocrit: volume percentage of red blood cells (RBC)
  • buffy coat: portion of blood made of leukocytes and platelets
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3
Q

Composition of Blood - Plasma

  • Describe blood plasma and what it is made of
A
  • sticky, fluid portion of blood
  • 90% water
  • contains 100+ molecules (ex. NIPW - nutrients, ions, proteins, wastes)
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4
Q

Composition of Blood - Plasma

What are the three main proteins in plasma? What are their functions?

A

FAG

  • Fibrinogen: involved in chemical reactions for blood clotting
  • Albumin: prevents water from diffusing out of blood vessels
  • Globulins: includes antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper
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5
Q

Erythrocytes

  • What is the function of an erythrocyte?
  • Describe the erythrocyte.
A
  • most numerous formed element
  • oxygen-transporting cells
  • no organelles or nuclei
  • contain hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying molecule)
  • hemoglobin + iron = ability to bind to oxygen molecules
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6
Q

Erythrocyte

How do erythrocytes transport oxygen?

Describe the structural characteristics that contribute to the respiratory function of an erythrocyte?

A
  • pick up O2 at lung capillaries -> release O2 across other tissue capillaries
  • biconcave shape (30% more surface area)
  • 97% hemoglobin
  • no mitochondria (do not consumes O2 that they pick up)
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7
Q

Leukocytes

  • Where do leukocytes originate from?
  • Where do leukocytes function?
  • What do leukocytes function in?
  • What are the two types of leukocytes?
A
  • originate in bone marrow
  • function OUTSIDE bloodstream in loose connective tissue
  • protect body from infectious microorganisms
  • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
  • Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

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8
Q

Leukocytes - Granulocytes - Neutrophils

Describe a Neutrophil (ex. how do they function?)

A
  • most numerous white blood cell (WBC)
  • nucleus: has 2-6 lobes
  • attracted to bacterial products; first line of defense in inflammatory response
  • phagocytize and destroy bacteria (release enzymes into extracellular matrix of infected tissue)
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9
Q

Leukocytes - Granulocytes - Eosinophils

Describe an Eosinophil (ex. how do they function?)

A
  • represent 1-4% of all WBC
  • has large, red granules
  • end allergic reaction by phagocytizing allergens
  • secrete enzymes that degrade histamines
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10
Q

Leukocytes - Granulocytes - Basophils

Describe a Basophil (ex. how do they function?)

A
  • nucleus: usually 2 lobes
  • function in inflammation mediation
  • granules secrete histamine
  • direct later stages of inflammation in allergies + parasitic infection
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11
Q

Leukocytes - Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes

Describe a lymphocyte (how does it function?)

What are the two main classes of lymphocytes?

A
  • most important cell of immune system
  • nucleus: large, stains dark purple
  • fights infectious organisms and acts against SPECIFIC foreign molecules (antigen)
  • T cells - attack foreign cells directly
  • B cells - differentiate and produce antibodies; mark foreign cell for destruction by macrophage
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12
Q

Leukocytes - Agranylocytes - Monocytes

Describe a monocyte (what does it do?)

A
  • largest leukocyte
  • nucleus: kidney-shaped
  • transform into macrophages (phagocytic cells)
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13
Q

Thrombocyte

Describe a thrombocyte (what does it do?)

A
  • megakaryocyte: fragment to create platelets
  • platelets clot blood
  • (survive for only 5-9 days)
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14
Q

Disorders of the Blood

Describe polycythemia

A

abnormal excess of erythrocyte (RBC)

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15
Q

Disorders of the Blood

Describe anemia

A

erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low

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16
Q

Disorders of the Blood

Describe sickle cell disease

A
  • inherited condition
  • results from defective hemoglobin molecule
  • erythrocyte distort to sickle shape
17
Q

Disorders of the Blood

Describe Leukemia

A
  • form of cancer
  • classified as lymphoblastic or myeloblastic
18
Q

Disorders of the Blood

Describe thrombocytopenia

A

abnormally low concentration of platelets

19
Q

Layers of the Heart Wall

What are the layers of the heart wall?

Describe the layer of the heart wall

A
  • Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium (outermost/superficial layer)
  • Myocardium: consists of cardiac muscle; muscle arranged in circular/spiral patterns
  • Endocardium: endothelium rests on layer of CT; lines internal walls of heart
20
Q

Right Atrium

  • What type of blood does the right atrium receive?
  • Where does the right atrium receive blood from?
A
  • receives deoxygenated/oxygen-poor blood
  • receives blood from the systemic circuit through vessels: superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
21
Q

Right Ventricle

  • Describe how the right ventricle works. (where does it receive blood from and where does the blood go after)
  • What is located at the opening of the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?
A
  • receives blood from the right atrium through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
  • pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit through the pulmonary trunk
  • pulmonary valve
22
Q

Left Atrium

  • What part of the heart does the left atrium make up?
  • What type of blood does the left atrium receive?
  • Where does the blood go after it is received in the left atrium?
A
  • makes up the hearts posterior surface
  • receives oxygenated/oxygen-rich blood from lungs through pulmonary veins
  • opens into the left ventricle through the left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid/mitral valve)
23
Q

Left Ventricle

  • What part of the heart does the left ventricle form?
  • Where does the blood go after it is received in the left ventricle?
A
  • forms apex of heart
  • pumps blood through the systemic circuit via aortic valve
24
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Describe cardiac muscle tissue (what does it form, how does it appear, describe the contractions).

Describe cardiac muscle cells (what do they look like, describe where cells join, what are cardiac cells separated by)

A
  • forms myocardium
  • striated
  • contractions pump blood through the heart and into blood vessels
  • contracts by sliding filament mechanism (same way skeletal muscle contracts)

cardiac muscle cells
- short, branching
- have 1 or 2 nuclei

  • cells join at intercalated discs (complex junctions that form cellular networks)
  • separated by delicate endomysium
25
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What are the different types of coronary artery disease? Define them

A

MAAS

  • Myocardial infarction: blocked coronary artery (heart attack)
  • atherosclerosis: fatty deposits
  • angina pectoris: chest pain
  • silent ischemia: no pain or warning
26
Q

Disorders of the Heart

Define heart failure.

Define congestive heart failure.

Define pulmonary arterial hypertension.

A
  • heart failure: progressive weakening of the heart
  • congestive heart failure (CHF): heart enlarges and pumping efficiency declines
  • pulmonary arterial hypertension: enlargement and potential failure of right ventricle
27
Q

What receives blood from pulmonary and systemic circuits?

A

atria

28
Q

What is the pumping chambers of the heart?

A

ventricles

29
Q

What circuit is on the right side and receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs?

A

pulmonary circuit

30
Q

What circuit is on the left side and receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps throughout the body?

A

systemic circuit

BIO 231 [Exam #3] (4 decks)

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