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Mechanisms of Disease > Lecture 9 - Neoplasia II > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Neoplasia II Flashcards

1
Q

define invasion

A

ability of cells to break through the basement membrane and spread

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2
Q

define metastasis

A

spread of a malignant tumour to a distant site

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3
Q

how are cell-cell interactions altered?

A

reduced expression of cadherins (which bind cells together) allows cells to move apart

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4
Q

how are cell-stroma interactions altered?

A

reduced expression of integrins in malignant cells allows movement

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5
Q

what do metastatic cells do?

A

synthesis and release matrix metalloproteinases

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6
Q

what are matrix metalloproteinases?

A

enzymes

digest collagen so metastatic cells can digest the ecm and break through the basement membrane

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7
Q

what matrix metalloproteinases digest type 1 collagen?

A

mmp1

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8
Q

what matrix metalloproteinases digest type 4 collagen?

A

mmp2/9

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9
Q

what happens when a tumour reaches 1-2mm^3?

A

growth is halted due to lack of nutrients and oxygen
alters cell environment - hypoxic
upregulation of pro-angiogenesis factors

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10
Q

what are pro-angiogenesis factors?

A

angiopoietin

vegf

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11
Q

what do pro-angiogenesis factors do?

A

cause growth of new thin wall blood vessels

allows for continued growth of tumour and provides and opportunity for it to enter the blood stream

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12
Q

what are the routes of metastasis?

A

lymphatic

vascular

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13
Q

describe lymphatic spread of metastasis

A

spread to local and distant lymph nodes
frequent route of spread of carcinomas
can involve lymphatics of lung

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14
Q

describe vascular spread of metastasis

A

spread through capillaries and veins to various organs

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15
Q

describe vascular metastasis to the lung

A

wide range of malignant neoplasms

sarcomas, carcinomas, kidney, testis

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16
Q

describe vascular metastasis to the liver

A

common site for carcinomas of large intestine

carcinomas

17
Q

describe vascular metastasis to bone

A

can cause destruction of bone leading to pathological fracture - carcinomas
can cause production of dense bone - prostate

18
Q

describe vascular metastasis to the brain

A

cause a wide range of neurological symptoms
space occupying lesion
bronchial, breast, testicular carcinoma, malignant melanoma

19
Q

what are the effects of benign neoplasms?

A

cause compression - pressure atrophy and altered function
in a hollow viscus cause partial or complete obstruction
ulceration of surface mucosa
space occupying lesion in brain

20
Q

what are the effects of malignant neoplasms?

A

destroy surrounding tissue
in a hollow viscus cause partial or complete obstruction
ulceration
infiltration around and into nerve, blood vessels and lymphatics
space occupying lesion in brain

21
Q

what are the haematological effects of neoplasms?

A

anaemia (malignant infiltration of bone marrow)
low white cell and platelets (infiltration of bone marrow, consequence of treatment)
thrombosis (carcinoma of pancreas)

22
Q

what are the endocrine effects of neoplasms?

A

excessive secretion of hormones (neoplasms of endocrine glands)
ectopic hormone secretion (acth by small cell carcinoma of bronchus)

23
Q

what are the skin effects of neoplasms?

A

increased pigment (many carcinomas)
pruritis (jaundice, hodgkins disease)
herpes zoster (lymphoma)
dermatomyositis (bronchial carcinoma)

24
Q

what are the neuromuscular effects of neoplasms?

A 
problems with balance
sensory/sensorimotor neuropathies
myopathy and myasthenia
progressive multifocal leucoencepalopathy
not due to metastasis to brain
25
Q

what is cachexia?

A

loss of weight, muscle atrophy, loss of appetite in someone not actively trying to lose weight

26
Q

what is malaise?

A

feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness

27
Q

what is pyrexia?

A

fever

28
Q

what local effects of neoplasia lead to death?

A

raised intercranial pressure
perforation
haemorrage

29
Q

what systemic affects of neoplasia lead to death?

A

replacement of essential body organs, bone marrow, lung tissue, liver parenchyma

Mechanisms of Disease (11 decks)

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