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Mechanisms of Disease > Lecture 1 - Cell Injury > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

what are 8 methods of cell injury?

A
  1. hypoxia
  2. toxins
  3. heat
  4. cold
  5. trauma
  6. radiation
  7. microorganisms
  8. immune mechanisms
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2
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

reduced o2

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3
Q

what are the reversible changes in cell injury?

A

oxidative phosphorylation decreases
amount of atp decreases
increased amount of anaerobic glycolysis decreasing pH
low atp means Na accumulates in cell so cell swells
detachment of ribosomes lead to decrease in protein synthesis

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4
Q

what are the irreversible changes in cell injury?

A

huge accumulation of cytosolic Ca

several enzymes activated resulting in cell death

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5
Q

what are the reversible structural changes in cell injury?

A 
swelling
chromatin clumping
autophagy
ribosome dispersal
blebs
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6
Q

what are the irreversible structural changes in cell injury?

A

nuclear changes
lysosomal rupture
membrane defects
endoplasmic reticulum lysis

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7
Q

define necrosis

A

changes that occur after cell death in living tissue

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8
Q

define apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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9
Q

what are the two common types of necrosis?

A

coagulative

liquefactive

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10
Q

what are the two rarer types of necrosis?

A

caseous

fat

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11
Q

describe coagulative necrosis

A

more protein denaturation than enzyme release
cellular architecture somewhat preserved leaving ghost outline
tends to be due to infarcts

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12
Q

describe liquefactive necrosis

A

more enzyme release than protein denaturation
tissue is lysed and disappears
tends to be due to infection

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13
Q

describe caseous necrosis

A

tissue appears amorphous
halfway between coagulative and liquefactive
in lung is likely to be tb

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14
Q

describe fat necrosis

A

occurs when cell death is in adipose

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15
Q

what is gangrene?

A

grossly visible necrosis

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16
Q

what is wet gangrene?

A

liquefactive

infection –> neutrophils –> proteolytic enzymes

17
Q

what is dry gangrene?

A

coagulative

eg umbilical cord after birth

18
Q

what is an infarct?

A

necrosis due to ischaemia

19
Q

what is a white infarct?

A

occlusion of an end artery, no peripheral blood vessels leaving the area entirely without blood
eg kidney

20
Q

what is a red infarct?

A

occlusion of vessel leads to build up of blood which all haemorrhages at once, increased pressure decreases blood flow
eg bowel

21
Q

What are the 4 types of hypoxia?

A

Hypoxaemic
Anaemic
Ischaemic
Histiocytic

22
Q

What is hypoxaemic hypoxia?

A

Arterial content of oxygen is low

23
Q

What is anaemic hypoxia?

A

Decreased ability of haemoglobin to carry oxygen

24
Q

What is ischaemic hypoxia?

A

Interruption to blood supply

25
Q

What is histiocytic hypoxia?

A

Inability to utilise oxygen

26
Q

What are the 4 essential cell components?

A

Cell membranes, nucleus, proteins, mitochondria

27
Q

What is ischaemia-reperfusion injury?

A

Blood flow is returned to a tissue that has been subject to ischaemia but hasn’t reached necrosis

28
Q

What can cause ischaemia-reperfusion injury?

A

Increased production of oxygen free radicals with reoxygenation
Increased number of neutrophils on reestablishment of flow leads to more inflammation and damage
Delivery of complement proteins and activation of the complement pathway

29
Q

What do free radicals do to lipids?

A

Cause lipid peroxidation

30
Q

What causes heat shock?

A

Any injury, not just heat

31
Q

What do heat shock proteins do?

A

Stay in the cell.

Important for protein repair (including refolding wrongly folded proteins).

32
Q

What are the main 3 changes seen after cell injury under a light microscope?

A

Cytoplasmic changes
Nuclear changes
Abnormal intracellular accumulations

33
Q

What cytoplasmic changes are seen under a light microscope?

A

Reduced pink staining due to water accumulation THEN increased pink staining due to ribosome detachment

34
Q

What nuclear changes are seen under a light microscope?

A

Chromatin clumping

Pyknosis, karryohexis and karryolysis of the nucleus.

35
Q

Define oncosis

A

Cell death with swelling

36
Q

Define steatosis

A

Accumulation of triglycerides

Mechanisms of Disease (11 decks)

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