Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mechanisms of Disease > Lecture 11 - Neoplasia IV > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Neoplasia IV Flashcards

1
Q

define staging

A

the extent of spread of tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the tnm staging system?

A 
t = primary tumour
n = regional lymph node involvement
m = metastasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does T progress?

A

increasing size in primary lesion, T1 -> T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does N progress?

A

N0 = no nodal involvement

increasing involvement, N1 -> N3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does M progress?

A 
M0 = no distant metastases
M1 = presence of blood borne metastases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the T staging for breast cancer?

A

TIS - carcinoma in situ
T1 - 5cm across
T4 - spread to chest wall and/or skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the N staging for breast cancer?

A

N0 - no nodal
N1 -axillary
N2 - mammary
N3 - supraclavicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the M staging for breast cancer?

A

M0 - no metastasis

M1 - metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the dukes staging for colorectal carcinomas?

A

a, b, c1/2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the A of the dukes staging?

A

confined to bowel wall
not extending through muscularis propria
>90% 5 year survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the B of the dukes staging?

A

through bowel wall (muscularis propria)

70% 5 year survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the C1/2 of the dukes staging?

A

lymph nodes involved
30% 5 year survival
C1 = regional lymph nodes involved
C2 = apical node (furthest away) involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the ann arbor classification of hodgkins disease?

A 
I = one lymph node involved
II = two lymph nodes on one side of diaphragm
III = > two lymph nodes on both sides of diaphragm
IV = multiple foci
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define grading

A

based on the degree of differentation of tumour cells; attempts to judge the extent to which tumour cells resemble or fail to resemble their normal counterparts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the scarff-bloom-richardson grading system?

A

degree of tubule formation
extent of nuclear variation
number of mitoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the survival rates of breast carcinoma based on scarff-bloom-richardson?

A

grade 1 = 85% 10 year survival
grade 2 = 60% 10 year survival
grade 3 = 15% 10 year survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what grading system is used for prostate carcinoma?

A

gleason

18
Q

explain radiotherapy

A

external radiation to tumour at fractionated doses with shielding of adjacent normal tissues
causes damage to dna of rapidly dividing cells
if dna damage is extensive - apoptosis

19
Q

what has a high sensitivity to radiotherapy?

A

lymphoma
leukaemia
seminoma

20
Q

what has a fairly high sensitivity to radiotherapy?

A

squamous carcinomas

21
Q

what has a moderate sensitivity to radiotherapy?

A

GI

breast

22
Q

what has a low sensitivity to radiotherapy?

A

sarcoma

23
Q

name 3 chemotherapy drugs

A

cyclophosphamide
vincristine
methotrexate

24
Q

what is the action of cyclophosphamide?

A

acts on cells in g1/s and mitosis

25
Q

what is the action of vincristine?

A

block cells entering cell cycle

act on mitosis

26
Q

what is the action of methotrexate?

A

acts on cells in s phase

27
Q

name 2 hormone therapy drugs

A

tamoxifen

herceptin

28
Q

what is the action of tamoxifen?

A

competes for binding to oestrogen receptor

50-80% of breast cancers express oestrogen receptors

29
Q

what is the action of herceptin?

A

her-2 growth factor receptor

overexpressed in 20-30% of breast carcinomas

30
Q

name 3 tumour markers in diagnosis and monitoring of disease

A

carcinoembryonic antigen
human chorionic gonadotrophin
alpha-fetoprotein

31
Q

what is the use of carcinoembryonic antigen?

A

normally only in embryonic tissue

useful to see if there is any residual disease after removal of tumours

32
Q

what are 5 uses of human chorionic gonadotrophin?

A

1) evaluation of testicular masses
2) indicate residual disease after orchidectomy
3) monitoring response to therapy and prediction of recurrence
4) raised in nonseminomatous testicular tumours
5) seminomas with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells

33
Q

what is the use of alpha-fetoprotein?

A

normally synthesised in early foetal life

raised plasma levels associated with cancer of liver and yolk sac tumour of testis

34
Q

what is the value of screening?

A

detect premalignant, non invasive and early invasive cancers to improve prognosis

35
Q

when is the first invitation to cervix screening?

A

age 25

36
Q

how often is cervical screening age 25-49?

A

3 yearly

37
Q

how often is cervical screening age 50-64?

A

5 yearly

38
Q

how often is cervical screening age 65+?

A

only if not been screened since 50 or have had recent abnormalities

39
Q

what is the value of cervical screening?

A

cytological smears to detect early precancerous changes

40
Q

what is the value of breast screenig?

A

identify invasive cancers before they can be felt
relies on mammography
50-69 years every 3 years

Mechanisms of Disease (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions