Lecture 7 - Cellular Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

where is the most critical checkpoint of the cell cycle?

A

end of g1 restriction point

passage past is governed by retinoblastoma protein

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2
Q

what is regeneration?

A

replacement of cell losses by identical cells to maintain tissue or organ size

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3
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increase in tissue or organ size due to increased cell numbers

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4
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increase in tissue or organ size due to increased cell size

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5
Q

what is atrophy?

A

shrinkage of tissue or organ due to acquired decrease in size and/or number of cells

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6
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another

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7
Q

what is aplasia?

A

complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop

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8
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

incomplete development of tissue or organ

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9
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue

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10
Q

when does hyperplasia occur?

A

only in labile or stable cell populations
physiological causes - proliferative endometrium, bone marrow at altitude
pathological causes - thyroid goitre

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11
Q

when does hypertrophy occur?

A

in permanent cells where hyperplasia cant occur
may occur with hyperplasia elsewhere
physiological causes - skeletal muscle, pregnant uterus (with hyperplasia)
pathological causes - ventricular cardiac muscle, bladder smooth muscle

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12
Q

when does atrophy occur?

A

combination of atrophy and apoptosis
physiological causes - ovarian atrophy post menopause
pathological causes - muscle atrophy (denervation), cerebral atrophy (alzheimers)

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13
Q

when does metaplasia occur?

A

most clearly adaptive in epithelial tissues
change tends to be suited to new environment eg smoker goes from pseudostratified to squamous (more robust)
sometimes prelude to dysplasia and cancer

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