Lecture 9: Motivation Flashcards
True or False Motivation is a key component of observational Learning
TRUE
Motivation
Need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal
Motives can be both _______ and _______
Physiological and Psychological
ex: food vs need to belong
Name the 4 main perspectives regarding motivated behaviors?
- Instinct Theory/ Evolutionary Theory
- Drive Reduction theory
- Arousal theory
- Hierarchy of Needs
Describe the Instinct Theory/ Evolutionary Theory
All about survival
(instinct to do whatever it takes to survive)
3 things needed to qualify something as instinct: complex behavior (1) must have a fixed pattern throughout a species(2) and be unlearned (3)
Psychologists who ascribe to this perspective believe that natural selection favors behaviors that maximize reproductive success
This theory describes behavior but fails to explain human motives
Describe the Drive Reduction theory
A psychological need creates a state or arousal that drives the individual to reduce the need
When psychological need increases so do psychological drive and aroused motivated state
The aim of drive reduction=homeostasis
We are pushed to reduce drives and pulled by incentives (positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us )
Drive theories: Emphasize how internal states push people in certain directions
Incentive theories: Emphasize how external stimuli pull people in certain directions
Describe the Arousal theory
We are more than homeostatic beings
Human motivation seeks optimal levels of arousal:
- once our biological needs are satisfied we feel driven to experience stimulation
- We feel board if we lack stimulation
- If we are overly stimulated we become stressed and start looking for ways to decrease stimulation
Want to be stimulated just not over stimulated
Describe the Hierarchy of Needs
Some needs take precedence over others
1= top of pyramid 5= bottom of pyramid
- Self- Transcendence: People strive for identity and purpose beyond one self–> focusing on larger societal needs
- Self Actualization:
- Self Esteem: Need to live up to your most unique potential
- Love and Belonging: Give and receive love to feel a sense of belonging —> self esteem grows
- Safety
- Physiological Needs: oxygen water and food (if these needs are met then moves onto safety)
5 & 6 = Basic needs
Hunger sounds, Hormones, and Glucose levels ADD INFO HERE
As glucose and insulin increase hunger increases with it
Environmental Factors: Palatability
if something taste good to you you are more likely to eat that food and you are more likely to eat more of it
Environmental Factors: Quantity Available
amount of food available plays a role in how much we eat. We eat based on amount of food presented to us. Given a larger portion–> going to eat more
Environmental Factors : Variety
wider the variety of food available the more we eat. One would eat more at a buffet than a plated dinner.
Environmental Factors: Presence of Others
research suggests on average we eat 44% more food when we eat with someone else as compared to when you are eating alone.
The more people you eat with the more your consumption increases.
Medias influence on food consumption
media of food increases hunger and desire to particular foods
people like foods familiar to them, there are large cultural differences in what is palatable.
observational learning
Seeing other people who we look up to or feel positively about behave one way towards food an mimicking that behavior
ex: older sister loves peanut butter and eats all the time –> wanting to eat peanut butter
