Lecture 9: Motivation Flashcards
True or False Motivation is a key component of observational Learning
TRUE
Motivation
Need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal
Motives can be both _______ and _______
Physiological and Psychological
ex: food vs need to belong
Name the 4 main perspectives regarding motivated behaviors?
- Instinct Theory/ Evolutionary Theory
- Drive Reduction theory
- Arousal theory
- Hierarchy of Needs
Describe the Instinct Theory/ Evolutionary Theory
All about survival
(instinct to do whatever it takes to survive)
3 things needed to qualify something as instinct: complex behavior (1) must have a fixed pattern throughout a species(2) and be unlearned (3)
Psychologists who ascribe to this perspective believe that natural selection favors behaviors that maximize reproductive success
This theory describes behavior but fails to explain human motives
Describe the Drive Reduction theory
A psychological need creates a state or arousal that drives the individual to reduce the need
When psychological need increases so do psychological drive and aroused motivated state
The aim of drive reduction=homeostasis
We are pushed to reduce drives and pulled by incentives (positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us )
Drive theories: Emphasize how internal states push people in certain directions
Incentive theories: Emphasize how external stimuli pull people in certain directions
Describe the Arousal theory
We are more than homeostatic beings
Human motivation seeks optimal levels of arousal:
- once our biological needs are satisfied we feel driven to experience stimulation
- We feel board if we lack stimulation
- If we are overly stimulated we become stressed and start looking for ways to decrease stimulation
Want to be stimulated just not over stimulated
Describe the Hierarchy of Needs
Some needs take precedence over others
1= top of pyramid 5= bottom of pyramid
- Self- Transcendence: People strive for identity and purpose beyond one self–> focusing on larger societal needs
- Self Actualization:
- Self Esteem: Need to live up to your most unique potential
- Love and Belonging: Give and receive love to feel a sense of belonging —> self esteem grows
- Safety
- Physiological Needs: oxygen water and food (if these needs are met then moves onto safety)
5 & 6 = Basic needs
Hunger sounds, Hormones, and Glucose levels ADD INFO HERE
As glucose and insulin increase hunger increases with it
Environmental Factors: Palatability
if something taste good to you you are more likely to eat that food and you are more likely to eat more of it
Environmental Factors: Quantity Available
amount of food available plays a role in how much we eat. We eat based on amount of food presented to us. Given a larger portion–> going to eat more
Environmental Factors : Variety
wider the variety of food available the more we eat. One would eat more at a buffet than a plated dinner.
Environmental Factors: Presence of Others
research suggests on average we eat 44% more food when we eat with someone else as compared to when you are eating alone.
The more people you eat with the more your consumption increases.
Medias influence on food consumption
media of food increases hunger and desire to particular foods
people like foods familiar to them, there are large cultural differences in what is palatable.
observational learning
Seeing other people who we look up to or feel positively about behave one way towards food an mimicking that behavior
ex: older sister loves peanut butter and eats all the time –> wanting to eat peanut butter
Humans have a strong desire to ____
Belong
Our need to belong influences our _______ and ______
thoughts and relationships
Responses to “what was your most satisfying moment in the past week?” commonly associated with situations that had to do with _____
boosting self esteem and belonging
Our need for belonging stems from both _____ _________ and _________ ________
- deep attachments
- menacing threats
Need to Belong and abusive relationships
even if you cognitively know you are better and need to escape the unhealthy relationship, the thought of being alone is more scary than not being in that relationship so you stay
Achievement Motive
the need to :
feel like you can master difficult challenges
feel like you can outperform others
meet high standards of excellence
excel
Projective Tests:
**find out when used
asks the test taker to respond to vague ambiguous stimuli with belief that interpreting the responses will help then understand motives
They showed individuals with high need for achievement work harder and are more persistent than those less motivated by achievement, they also handle criticism better and are more open to negative feedback.
strong positive correlation between educational attainment and high level of achievement
Achievement Motives are influenced by_____
The probability of success (out of reach= less motivating)
The incentives for success (Whats in it for you and what do you get out of success?)
