Lecture 10: Development Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
examines how people develop continuously from the moment of conception to the end of their lives
Overarching Themes : Nature vs Nurture
is it driven by ones genetics/DNA or is it impacted by ones environment/ experiences
Overarching Themes : Continuity vs Stages
is development a gradual continual process or is it that we proceed through a sequence of separate stages
Overarching Themes : Stability vs Change
do our early traits persist throughout life (if you are shy as a baby will you be shy as an18 year old?)
or do our early traits evolve as we go through life
Zygote
one cell organism formed at the moment of conception
The Prenatal Period in Prenatal Development Extends from _______ to birth
Conception
Prenatal Development : Germinal
First 2 weeks after conception
Prenatal Development : Embryonic
Next 6 weeks
(end of the second week after conception through the end of the second month pregnancy)
Prenatal Development : Fetal
9 weeks to birth
(This is when the fetus looks un-mistakingly human)
At each prenatal stage _____ and ______ factors influence our development
- genetic
- environmental
The Placenta
Transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, zygote, embryo
plays a role in screening out potentially harmful substances (however the placenta isn’t full proof as some harmful substances manage to slip through to the baby)
Teratogens
harmful agents that can impede development
Persistent drinking puts the fetus at risk for both ____ and _____ _______
- Defects
- Cognitive Delays
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
exposure to alcohol before birth that leads to smaller heads, or other distinctive facial features like further apart eyes, smaller lips
Maturation
Biological Process that enables orderly changes in behavior that are relatively uninfluenced by experience
______ sets the basic course of nature; ______ adjusts it
- Maturation
- Experience
True or false: Maturation has to do with nature not experience
True
The sequence of development is _______,
ex: sitting + walking
however there are _________ differences in timing
- universal
rolling over before the baby can sit up unsupported
crawling before walking
- Individual
The ______ brain allows physical development
- developing
Rapid motor development has been observed in some other cultures
provide an example
__%of all babies walk by the time they are 11 months old
__% of all babies walk the week before 1 year old
__% before 15th months
- 25
- 50
- 90
_____ play a critical role in motor development we know this because…. (relate to twins study and blind children)
- genes
identical twins sit up and walk at the same time on nearly the same date whereas fraternal twins do not necessarily sit up or walk at the same time
additionally, blind babies also rolled over before sitting unsupported which suggests they couldn’t have learnt this skill through observation
Infants prefer ______ in faces and smells
they will coo and make noise around people that smell and appear familiar
familiarity
Stranger anxiety (infants)
fear of strangers seek comfort in their parents / familiar people around them
attachment bond
survival impulse that keeps infants close to primary care givers, those familiar and conformable with
Harlow’s Monkeys
Originally predicting attachment is associated with nourishment however after this experiment John Bowlby posited that there is a biological basis to attachment
Biological Basis to Attachment:
Babies are ___________ to behave in a manner that will _____ a _____, loving response from adults.
- programed
- trigger
- protective
Biological Basis to Attachment:
Adults are programmed to _____ to these behaviors with ____, warmth, and _____.
- respond
- love
- protection
Mary Ainsworth developed a method called the _______ ___________ ________ to assess quality of __________
strange situation paradigm
attachment
Attachment Styles: Secure
able to play and explore comfortably and securely when the mom is present (and isn’t present?) also calm when the mom returns
Attachment Styles: Anxious-Ambivalent
Not calm when the mom isn’t (is?) there Upset when she leaves and not settled when she returns
Attachment Styles: Avoidant
not distressed when the caregiver is in the room nor when they are gone
What is secure attachment predictive of?
Resilience, self-reliance, curiosity, and leadership. They show more positive traits as they develop throughout life
______ attachment appears to be the most ______ type of attachment irrespective of culture
Secure
Common
What are the two types of language development?
Receptive language and Productive language
Receptive language
Ability to comprehend
at four moths old we are able to discriminate speech sounds and at 8 months old we begin to understand words and their meanings
Productive language
Ability to produce words
at 4 months old we begin to babble
at 12 months old we begin to speak
Fast Mapping:
the process by which children connect a word to a concept after only one exposure
Common errors in a child’s language use
list and define them
Overextensions: child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects than its meant to describe
ex: assuming all four legged animals are dogs, they dont understand that only some 4 legged animals are dogs
Underextensions: Incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects than its meant for
ex: saying they want the bottle or cup but really wanting the pink cup with stars on it
Overgeneralizations: children incorrectly generalize grammatical rules in irregular cases when they dont apply
ex: I throwed the ball instead of I throw the ball
Bilingualism: Balanced vs Unbalanced
Balanced: someone who has relatively equal skills in both languages
Unbalanced: more dominant in one language over the other
Bilingualism: Adaptive vs Subtractive (relatioon between languages)
Adaptive: learn one language in addition to the other language and retain that language
Subtractive: over time the second language you are learning replaces the first language you had
Bilingualism: Receptive vs Productive
Receptive: understand both languages equally but cannot speak the languages with equal ease
Productive: can understand and produce both languages equally
Bilingualism: Early vs late (age of aquisition)
Early: Acquires 2 or more languages during childhood
Late: learn 2nd language as an adult
Bilingualism: Simultaneous (birth to 3 yrs) vs Sequential (3 to 7 years)
Simultaneous: learn both languages at the same time prior to school entry
Sequential: learning one language first then required school language associated with school entry
Covid babies show an increase in _____ skills but a slow down in ______ development
motor
language
Key Stage Theories + theorists
John Piaget: Cognitive Development
Eric Erikson: Psychosocial Development
Piaget believed that children develop as a result of ______ as well as their ______ with their environments
maturation
interactions
Assimilation:
Accomodation:
interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures
(making sense of what your’e exposed to based on what you already know)
Accommodation: changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences
how many stages of Cognitive development are there?
4
Sensorimotor Stage (define + ages)
ages: birth-2
Stage where children learn to coordinate their sensory input with there motor actions
(exploring through senses leads to increase in their mobility)
Major development is the appearance of _______ ______
Symbolic thought
Object Permanence
The recognition that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
(out of side out of mind- applies to babies)
Preoperational Stage + ages
ages 2-7
Children engage in symbolic thought, representing things with words and images
Characteristic flaws in Peroperational stage reasoning
Conservation: young children believe changing the appearance changes the amount
Centration: tendency to focus on one feature of a problem to the exclusion of logic
Egocentrism: inability to share another persons viewpoint
Concrete Operational Stage + age range
ages 7-11
ability to perform operations with symbolic thought
(make sense of things in there mind, can think things through more)
Allows children to mentally combine, separate, order, and transform tangible objects actions as well as actual events.
Children ARE capable of conservation and decentration and there is a marked decline in there egocentrism as they are _______________________
However, they are NOT capable of _______ ______
- no longer concentrated in one thing
- abstract thinking*
dont develop this ability until formal operational period*
Formal Operational Stage (definition + starting age)
Ages 11+
ability to apply operations to abstract concepts
thoughts are systematic logical and reflective
in this stage adolescents become capable of solving hypothetical propositions and deducing consequences
