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Psychology Lectures Unit 2 > Lecture 10: Development > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Development Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

examines how people develop continuously from the moment of conception to the end of their lives

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2
Q

Overarching Themes : Nature vs Nurture

A

is it driven by ones genetics/DNA or is it impacted by ones environment/ experiences

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3
Q

Overarching Themes : Continuity vs Stages

A

is development a gradual continual process or is it that we proceed through a sequence of separate stages

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4
Q

Overarching Themes : Stability vs Change

A

do our early traits persist throughout life (if you are shy as a baby will you be shy as an18 year old?)
or do our early traits evolve as we go through life

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5
Q

Zygote

A

one cell organism formed at the moment of conception

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6
Q

The Prenatal Period in Prenatal Development Extends from _______ to birth

A

Conception

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7
Q

Prenatal Development : Germinal

A

First 2 weeks after conception

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8
Q

Prenatal Development : Embryonic

A

Next 6 weeks
(end of the second week after conception through the end of the second month pregnancy)

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9
Q

Prenatal Development : Fetal

A

9 weeks to birth
(This is when the fetus looks un-mistakingly human)

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10
Q

At each prenatal stage _____ and ______ factors influence our development

A
  1. genetic
  2. environmental
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11
Q

The Placenta

A

Transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, zygote, embryo

plays a role in screening out potentially harmful substances (however the placenta isn’t full proof as some harmful substances manage to slip through to the baby)

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12
Q

Teratogens

A

harmful agents that can impede development

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13
Q

Persistent drinking puts the fetus at risk for both ____ and _____ _______

A
  1. Defects
  2. Cognitive Delays
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14
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

exposure to alcohol before birth that leads to smaller heads, or other distinctive facial features like further apart eyes, smaller lips

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15
Q

Maturation

A

Biological Process that enables orderly changes in behavior that are relatively uninfluenced by experience

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16
Q

______ sets the basic course of nature; ______ adjusts it

A
  1. Maturation
  2. Experience
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17
Q

True or false: Maturation has to do with nature not experience

A

True

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18
Q

The sequence of development is _______,
ex: sitting + walking

however there are _________ differences in timing

A
  1. universal

rolling over before the baby can sit up unsupported

crawling before walking

  1. Individual
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19
Q

The ______ brain allows physical development

A
  1. developing
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20
Q

Rapid motor development has been observed in some other cultures

provide an example

A
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21
Q

__%of all babies walk by the time they are 11 months old

__% of all babies walk the week before 1 year old

__% before 15th months

A
  1. 25
  2. 50
  3. 90
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22
Q

_____ play a critical role in motor development we know this because…. (relate to twins study and blind children)

A
  1. genes

identical twins sit up and walk at the same time on nearly the same date whereas fraternal twins do not necessarily sit up or walk at the same time

additionally, blind babies also rolled over before sitting unsupported which suggests they couldn’t have learnt this skill through observation

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23
Q

Infants prefer ______ in faces and smells
they will coo and make noise around people that smell and appear familiar

A

familiarity

24
Q

Stranger anxiety (infants)

A

fear of strangers seek comfort in their parents / familiar people around them

25
Q

attachment bond

A

survival impulse that keeps infants close to primary care givers, those familiar and conformable with

26
Q

Harlow’s Monkeys

A

Originally predicting attachment is associated with nourishment however after this experiment John Bowlby posited that there is a biological basis to attachment

27
Q

Biological Basis to Attachment:
Babies are ___________ to behave in a manner that will _____ a _____, loving response from adults.

A
  1. programed
  2. trigger
  3. protective
28
Q

Biological Basis to Attachment:
Adults are programmed to _____ to these behaviors with ____, warmth, and _____.

A
  1. respond
  2. love
  3. protection
29
Q

Mary Ainsworth developed a method called the _______ ___________ ________ to assess quality of __________

A

strange situation paradigm

attachment

30
Q

Attachment Styles: Secure

A

able to play and explore comfortably and securely when the mom is present (and isn’t present?) also calm when the mom returns

31
Q

Attachment Styles: Anxious-Ambivalent

A

Not calm when the mom isn’t (is?) there Upset when she leaves and not settled when she returns

32
Q

Attachment Styles: Avoidant

A

not distressed when the caregiver is in the room nor when they are gone

33
Q

What is secure attachment predictive of?

A

Resilience, self-reliance, curiosity, and leadership. They show more positive traits as they develop throughout life

34
Q

______ attachment appears to be the most ______ type of attachment irrespective of culture

A

Secure

Common

35
Q

What are the two types of language development?

A

Receptive language and Productive language

36
Q

Receptive language

A

Ability to comprehend
at four moths old we are able to discriminate speech sounds and at 8 months old we begin to understand words and their meanings

37
Q

Productive language

A

Ability to produce words
at 4 months old we begin to babble
at 12 months old we begin to speak

38
Q

Fast Mapping:

A

the process by which children connect a word to a concept after only one exposure

39
Q

Common errors in a child’s language use
list and define them

A

Overextensions: child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects than its meant to describe
ex: assuming all four legged animals are dogs, they dont understand that only some 4 legged animals are dogs

Underextensions: Incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects than its meant for
ex: saying they want the bottle or cup but really wanting the pink cup with stars on it

Overgeneralizations: children incorrectly generalize grammatical rules in irregular cases when they dont apply
ex: I throwed the ball instead of I throw the ball

40
Q

Bilingualism: Balanced vs Unbalanced

A

Balanced: someone who has relatively equal skills in both languages

Unbalanced: more dominant in one language over the other

41
Q

Bilingualism: Adaptive vs Subtractive (relatioon between languages)

A

Adaptive: learn one language in addition to the other language and retain that language

Subtractive: over time the second language you are learning replaces the first language you had

42
Q

Bilingualism: Receptive vs Productive

A

Receptive: understand both languages equally but cannot speak the languages with equal ease

Productive: can understand and produce both languages equally

43
Q

Bilingualism: Early vs late (age of aquisition)

A

Early: Acquires 2 or more languages during childhood

Late: learn 2nd language as an adult

44
Q

Bilingualism: Simultaneous (birth to 3 yrs) vs Sequential (3 to 7 years)

A

Simultaneous: learn both languages at the same time prior to school entry

Sequential: learning one language first then required school language associated with school entry

45
Q

Covid babies show an increase in _____ skills but a slow down in ______ development

A

motor

language

46
Q

Key Stage Theories + theorists

A

John Piaget: Cognitive Development

Eric Erikson: Psychosocial Development

47
Q

Piaget believed that children develop as a result of ______ as well as their ______ with their environments

A

maturation

interactions

48
Q

Assimilation:

Accomodation:

A

interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures

(making sense of what your’e exposed to based on what you already know)

Accommodation: changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

49
Q

how many stages of Cognitive development are there?

A

4

50
Q

Sensorimotor Stage (define + ages)

A

ages: birth-2

Stage where children learn to coordinate their sensory input with there motor actions

(exploring through senses leads to increase in their mobility)

51
Q

Major development is the appearance of _______ ______

A

Symbolic thought

52
Q

Object Permanence

A

The recognition that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

(out of side out of mind- applies to babies)

53
Q

Preoperational Stage + ages

A

ages 2-7

Children engage in symbolic thought, representing things with words and images

54
Q

Characteristic flaws in Peroperational stage reasoning

A

Conservation: young children believe changing the appearance changes the amount

Centration: tendency to focus on one feature of a problem to the exclusion of logic

Egocentrism: inability to share another persons viewpoint

55
Q

Concrete Operational Stage + age range

A

ages 7-11

ability to perform operations with symbolic thought
(make sense of things in there mind, can think things through more)

Allows children to mentally combine, separate, order, and transform tangible objects actions as well as actual events.

56
Q

Children ARE capable of conservation and decentration and there is a marked decline in there egocentrism as they are _______________________

However, they are NOT capable of _______ ______

A
  1. no longer concentrated in one thing
  2. abstract thinking*
    dont develop this ability until formal operational period*
57
Q

Formal Operational Stage (definition + starting age)

A

Ages 11+
ability to apply operations to abstract concepts

thoughts are systematic logical and reflective

in this stage adolescents become capable of solving hypothetical propositions and deducing consequences

Psychology Lectures Unit 2 (6 decks)

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