Lecture 5: Memory

Question 1

Memory is apart of ________ psychology

Answer 1

Cognitive

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

Memory is learning that has persisted over time; information that has been stored and can be retrieved

Question 3

Memory is helpful for?

Answer 3

accounts for our sense of time, helps define our life, helps us recognize loved ones, speak languages, find our way home

Question 4

Can you experience emotions without memory?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

Key processes: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Answer 5

Encoding: Getting information into our brain (important to remember any event)

Storage: Retaining that information / storing the information somewhere

Retrieval: being able to get the information out

Question 6

Are memories exact replicas of the past? if not what are they?

Answer 6

No, they are rough reconstructions

Question 7

Automatic processing

Answer 7

unconscious encoding of incidental information

Question 8

_________ is critical to the encoding of memories bc

Answer 8

attention

with attention diverted it becomes hard to remember information

Question 9

Multitasking often results in a _________ in memory performance bc

Answer 9

Deterioration

our brain can only attend to one highly attention consuming task at a time

Question 10

Levels of Processing tell us what……

Answer 10

format you’re going to store information in in the long run

Question 11

Levels of Processing: Structural ending

Answer 11

The encoding of picture images

(based on how it looks)

Question 12

Phonetic Encoding

Answer 12

The encoding of sound especially the sound of words

(based on its sound)

Question 13

Semantic Encoding

Answer 13

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

(based on meaning)

Question 14

Elaboration

Answer 14

Linking stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

(making sense if new information we want to know by linking it to something we already know)

Question 15

Visual Imagery

Answer 15

Creating mental pictures to represent the word to be remembered

Question 16

Motivation to remember

Answer 16

Putting in extra effort to attend to and organize the information to facilitate future recall.

Question 17

Memory storage: Sensory Memory

Answer 17

0.25 seconds

All memory begins here, storage buffer information needs to pass through. This preserves information through our senses in original form

allows us to experience a visual pattern, sound, or touch even after the event has come

Gives us additional time to recognize and memorize things

ex: rain drop hitting skin

Question 18

Memory storage: Short- term memory

Poor performance in basic recall is often a result of __________ and __________

There are two types of ________ name and describe them

List the two strategies used to counteract these effects

Answer 18

Limited capacity! 20 seconds

1. Time related decay : over time memory decays?
2. Interference : other information gets in the way of what is being stored
3. Interference
   a. Proactive interference: something you learned earlier disrupts action of learning in the present

b. Retroactive interference: information you are learning now makes it harder to know something you knew previously

strategies used to counteract: Rehearsal (rehearsing information to keep it in the front of your mind)
and
Chunking (organizing into familiar meaningful chunks to remember more; ex: ROY G BIV )

Question 19

Memory storage: Long term Memory

Memories are _____ vivid if experiences during times of ______ emotion

Flashbulb Memories

Can they be difficult to retrieve?

Answer 19

Unlimited in capacity and can hold information for very long periods of time

1. more
2. intense

Flashbulb Memories provide evidence of the permanence of Long-term Memories (usually vivid)

yes

Question 20

Declarative Memory

Answer 20

Conscious effort needed to recall these memories
Episodic Memory: autobiography

Semantic Memory: personal encyclopedia

Question 21

Non-declarative Memory

Answer 21

No conscious effort needed to recall these
Procedural Memory: emotional memories, how to react in certain situations ; how you complete certain motor skills

Question 22

Retrieval cues

the more retrieval cues you have, the _____ your chances of retrieving the memory

Answer 22

Stimuli that gain access to memories

better

Question 23

Context cues

Answer 23

Involves putting yourself in the context in which the memory occurred

Question 24

Schemas

Answer 24

organized clusters of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experiences with object or event

Question 25

Misinformation effect

A _______-__________ error occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

Answer 25

Our poor ability to retrieve information accurately

source-monitoring

Question 26

Recall Measure

Answer 26

Reproduce information without any cues

Question 27

Recognition Measure

Answer 27

Select Previously learned information from an array of options

Question 28

Relearning Measure

Answer 28

Memorize information a second time and determine time and effort