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Anatomy II Exam 2: Lectures 9-16 > Lecture 9: Integument And Fat > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Integument And Fat Flashcards

1
Q

Which layer of the skin is made up of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Epidermis

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2
Q

What are the four types of cells in the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans cells (protective)
  4. Merkel cells (tactile)
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3
Q

Which layer of the skin is a deeper layer of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Dermis

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4
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

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5
Q

Which layer of the dermis is made up of receptors for pain, heat, cold, pressure and tactile/touch?

A

Papillary layer

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6
Q

The papillary layer is made up of ________ papillae and looped ____________ and nerve fiber ___________

A

Dermal

Capillaries; endings

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7
Q

Which layer of the dermis has blood vessels, fat and lymph cells?

A

Reticular layer

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8
Q

The reticular layer of the dermis has what type of glands?

A

Oil and sweat glands

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9
Q

Hair follicles and associated structures are associated with which layer of the dermis?

A

Reticular layer

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10
Q

Which layer of the skin is also called the subcutaneous layer and is made up of loose connective tissue?

A

Hypodermis

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11
Q

The connective tissue of the hypodermis is made up of _____________ and _____________

A

Areolar

Adipose

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12
Q

Which layer of the skin is most of the fat stored and very well developed in humans?

A

Hypodermis

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13
Q

Which layer of the skin has larger vessels and nerves making it highly vascular?

A

Hypodermis

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14
Q

What type of tactile mechanoreceptors is for fine touch and pressure?

A

Merkel disks

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15
Q

What type of tactile mechanoreceptors is for light touch and texture (most sensitive)?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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16
Q

What type of tactile mechanoreceptors is for vibration and pressure found in the deeper epidermis?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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17
Q

What mechanoreceptor is for heat and also stretch and pressure?

A

Ruffini’s end organ

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18
Q

What are the end-bulbs of Krause mechanoreceptors for?

A

Touch and pressure

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19
Q

What is the root hair plexus mechanoreceptor for?

A

Touch

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20
Q

What type of mechanoreceptor is for pain and heat and cold that is typically injurious?

A

Nociceptors/free nerve endings

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21
Q

Where is thick skin found and what layers does it contain?

A

Palms of hands
Soles of feet
Corresponding surfaces of fingers and toes

All five strata found here

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22
Q

Where is thin skin found and what layers does it contain?

A

Covers most of body

Lacks stratum lucidum

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23
Q

What glands and follicles are found on thin skin?

A

Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands

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24
Q

What type of gland is associated with hair follicles and what does it secrete?

A

Holocrine, sebaceous gland

Secretes oil that adds to skin’s protective barrier

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25
Q

What type of gland is a holocrine gland?

A

Sebaceous gland

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26
Q

What type of gland is an apocrine gland?

A

Type of sweat gland

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27
Q

Where are apocrine glands found in humans?

A

Axillary and pubic regions

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28
Q

Apocrine glands are made of __________ filtrate that contains ____________ and promotes ___________ growth

A

Cellular
Nutrients
Bacterial

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29
Q

What might apocrine glands have an important role in?

A

Olfactory communication

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30
Q

What gland is extensive and very important in other mammals for evaporative cooling?

A

Apocrine

31
Q

When might apocrine glands be stimulated?

A

Cases of fear, pain and emotional arousal

32
Q

What would a reduction in apocrine glands in humans suggest?

A

Pheromones may not be as important

33
Q

What type of gland is an eccrine gland?

A

Sweat gland

34
Q

Eccrine glands produce ____________ via filtration of plasma.

Produces very _________ solution made up of mostly _______ containing waste products like ___________

A

Perspiration
Dilute
Water
Urea

35
Q

True or false: Eccrine glands are metabolically MORE expensive and LESS wasteful than apocrine sweating

A

TRUE

36
Q

True or False: Apocrine glands are better at removing body heat

A

FALSE

Eccrine are better at removing body heat

37
Q

What are volar surfaces?

A

Palms and soles

38
Q

Describe volar skin of most mammals and primates

A

Tend to be well-innervated
Thicker
Lined with ridges

39
Q

In humans and nonhuman primates the volar surfaces are supported by ____________ _________ layers of fibrous tissue and ____________.

This creates __________ _________

They have distinct ridges called _____________

A

Thickened dermal

Fat

Friction pads

Dermatoglyphs (fingerprints)

40
Q

Tails of some South American prehensile-tailed monkeys have friction pads with _____________.

A

Dermatoglyphs

41
Q

What is a defining characteristic of mammals?

A

Hair and fur

42
Q

What is the argument for there being no difference between hair and fur?

A
  1. Except overall numbers of individual follicles and placement on bodies of various species
  2. Chemically indistinguishable
  3. Both made of keratin
43
Q

What are some identifiable differences between hair and fur?

A
  1. Fur tends to grow in a synchronized fashion and has terminal length
  2. Hair can grow asynchronously and have areas that keep growing
  3. While hair and fur are essentially similar in structure, different species can show distinct hair/fur characteristics
44
Q

Nails, epidermis and hair are all made of what type of cells?

A

Dead keratinized cells

45
Q

The root of hair has __________ made of _________ cells that permit _____________ growth

A

Papilla
Dermal
Continued

46
Q

What is the main function of mammalian hair?

A

Insulation

47
Q

Mammalian hair has ____________ ________ muscles.

Erection of hairs by small ___________ muscles

Allows space between hairs to ____________ and ________ more air that can be __________ by the body and provide this insulation

A

Arrector pili

Smooth

Increase; trap; warmed

48
Q

The sensory function of mammalian hair has __________ endings at base of each hair follicle and are extremely sensitive to ________________.

A

Nerve

Movement

49
Q

What are the specialized hairs around the face and nose called?

A

Vibrissae (whiskers)

50
Q

Who have vibrissae (whiskers)?

A

All mammals except humans

51
Q

Humans tend to have more __________ innervated hair follicles all over the body compared to other __________.

______________ function rather than ____________ may account for why humans have retained body hair

A

Richly

Mammals

Sensory

Insulation

52
Q

Body size human hair reduction hypothesis:

_____________ size in ape lineage led to hair reduction to allow __________ bodied forms to _________ heat more effectively

Might help explain hair ___________ in apes, but not the extreme _____________ in humans.

A

Increasing; larger; lose

Reduction; reduction

53
Q

Aquatic habitat human hair reduction hypothesis:

Hair loss is evident in _____________ _____________.

No hypotheses about ___________ evolution include wholly aquatic phase

A

Aquatic mammals

Human

54
Q

Parasite human hair reduction hypothesis:

__________ hair or fur is a great place for some parasites to thrive

_____________ in hair ___________ would make dealing with such parasites much easier

A

Thick

Reduction; density

55
Q

Sexual attraction human hair reduction hypothesis:

The ______________ level of sensation around human ________ __________ have been related to sexual attractiveness and _____________.

This does not acknowledge the fact that ________ skin itself is just as, if not more sensitive

A

Heightened; hair follicles; arousal

Bare

56
Q

Clothing and culture human hair reduction hypothesis:

Hair reduction may have been __________ _____________ event connected to the use of ___________ and _____________

Would have made __________ hair unnecessary

A

Relatively recent; clothing; fire

Excess

57
Q

True or false: Claws evolved from nails

A

FALSE

Nails evolved from claws

58
Q

Nails are essentially a _______ that have lost ________ or more tissue layers.

Become ___________ and __________

A

Claw; one

Broad; flat

59
Q

Some nonhuman primates have _____________ nails.

Selection for this structure has lead to a ______________ of the nail.

A

Claw-like

Modification

60
Q

Early primate ancestor nails

A

Show evidence of nails

Thought to be uniting characteristic for primates that was shared by a common ancestor

Makes is synapomorphy for primates!

61
Q

Nails give __________, _______ support to _________ digital pads and help dissipate ____________ forces

A

Broad, firm; support

Distal; compressive

62
Q

Initially, features __________ appendages in primates including development of _____________.

Thought to be related to ___________ and particularly small _______ environment

A

Grasping; nails

Arboreality; branch

63
Q

Likely the ability to __________ in a _________ environment for insects and fruits necessitated ________ hands and feet and _______ instead of __________ provided an advantage.

A

Forage; arboreal

Grasping; nails; claws

64
Q

In small/medium bodied primates what does a presence of a claw-like nail provide an advantage for?

A

Grasping relatively larger substrates like limbs and tree trunks

65
Q

What is ungula?

A

Hoof or nail

66
Q

What is falcula?

A

Sharp curved claw

67
Q

What is tegula?

A

Claw-like nail found in some primates

68
Q

What are the functions of the integument?

A 
Protection
Excretion
Retention of fluid/moisture
Temperature regulation
Vitamin D3 synthesis
Sensory perception
Enhancement of interaction with environment
69
Q

Evolutionary trend of mammal integument

A

Hair/fur
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Sweat glands
Increased subcutaneous fat layer

70
Q

Evolutionary trend of primate integument

A

Nails replace claws
Dermatoglymphs on hands, feet and some prehensile tails
High density of Meissner’s corpuscles in hands and feet
Eccrine sweat glands

71
Q

Evolutionary trends in human integument

A

Reduction of body hair
Thermally sensitive eccrine sweat glands
Reduced distribution and importance of apocrine sweat glands
Further increase in subcutaneous fat layer

72
Q

Fish and amphibian integument

A

Thinner epidermis has scales

Lacks protective barrier to allow respiration

73
Q

Terrestrial species integument

A

Epidermis forms more protective barrier

Epidermis is thicker

Anatomy II Exam 2: Lectures 9-16 (9 decks)

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