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Anatomy II Exam 2: Lectures 9-16 > Lecture 11: Respiration > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the conduction portion of the respiratory system and what does this include?

A

Transports air.
Includes: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and progressively smaller airways, front he primary bronchi to the bronchioles

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system and what does this include?

A

Carries out gas exchange.

Includes: small airways called respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs called alveoli

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3
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary

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4
Q

What covers the paranasal sinuses?

A

Covered with the same pseudostratified cilliated columnar epithelium as the nasal cavity

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5
Q

How does the humidity and temperature change as air enters the respiratory tract and moves into the lungs? As it leaves?

A

Enters at 25 degrees Celsius and 30% humidity, by the time it reaches lungs it is 37 degrees and 100% humidity. When it exits it is 32 degrees Celsius and 100% humidity

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6
Q

What are the 3 thoughts as to why the Neanderthal face pneumatized?

A
  1. Cool body?
  2. Warm incoming air?
  3. Simply due to a large face?
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7
Q

What is the pharynx commonly called?

A

The throat

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8
Q

Where does the pharynx originate and extend?

A

Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiority near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus

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9
Q

What are the walls of the pharynx lined with and what is characteristic of them?

A

Lined by a mucosa and contain skeletal muscles that are primarily used for swallowing. Flexible lateral walls are distensible in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus.

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10
Q

The pharynx is partitioned into 3 adjoining regions. What are these regions?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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11
Q

What is the superiormost region of the pharynx? Where specifically is this found?

A

Nasopharynx. Located directly posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate, which separates it from the posterior part of the oral cavity

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12
Q

What typically passes through the nasopharyngeal?

A

Only air

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13
Q

What typically blocks material form the oral cavity and the oropharynx?

A

The soft palate

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14
Q

What is found in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx that connects it to the middle ear?

A

Auditory tubes

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15
Q

What does the posterior nasopharynx wall house?

A

A single pharyngeal tonsil commonly called the adenoids

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16
Q

What is the middle pharyngeal region known as and where is this found?

A

Oropharynx and is immediately posterior to the oral cavity

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17
Q

What binds the oropharynx superiorly and inferiority?

A

The edge of the soft palate superiorly and the hyoid bone inferiority

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18
Q

What typically passes through the oropharynx?

A

It’s a common respiratory and digestive pathway through which both air and swallowed food and drink pass

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19
Q

What forms the entrance to the oropharynx from the oral cavity?

A

2 pairs of muscular arches, the anterior palatoglossal arches and the posterior palatopharyngeal arches

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20
Q

What provides the “first line of defense” against ingested or inhaled foreign materials?

A

The lymphatic organs of the oropharynx

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21
Q

What types of tonsils are found in the oropharynx and where are these located specifically?

A

Palatine tonsils are on the lateral wall between the arches and the lingual tonsils are at the base of the tongue

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22
Q

What is the inferior, narrowed region of the pharynx? Where does this extend and what is it continuous with?

A

Laryngopharynx. Extends inferiority from the hyoid bone and is continuous with the larynx and esophagus

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23
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx terminate at and what is it equivalent to in the larynx?

A

Terminates at the superior border of the esophagus and is equivalent to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage in the larynx.

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24
Q

What forms the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx?

A

The larynx (voice box)

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25
Q

What is the laryngopharynx lined with? What does it permit the passage of?

A

Lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium and permits passage of both food and air

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26
Q

What is the larynx specifically?

A

Voice box is a short, somewhat cylindrical airway bounded posteriorly by the laryngopharynx and inferiority by the trachea

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27
Q

What does the larynx prevent?

A

Swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract

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28
Q

What does the larynx conduct and produce?

A

Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract and produces sound

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29
Q

What is the larynx supported by?

A

A framework of nine pieces of cartilage (three individual pieces and three cartilage pairs) that are held in place by ligaments and muscles

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30
Q

What are the vocal ligaments and what are these called?

A

Inferior ligaments covered by a mucous membrane called the vocal folds. They are “true vocal cords” because they produce sound when air passes between them

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31
Q

What are the vestibular ligaments and what are these called?

A

Superior ligaments involved in sound production, covered with mucosa and are called the vestibular folds. These are “false vocal cords” because they have no function in sound production but protect the vocal folds

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32
Q

What do the vestibular folds attach to?

A

Corniculate cartilages

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33
Q

What determines the quality of sound production?

A

The tension, length and position of the vocal folds

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34
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ often referred to as the “windpipe”

35
Q

Where does the tranchea extend through and where does this lie?

A

Extends through the mediastinum and lies immediately anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs

36
Q

What supports the lateral walls of the trachea?

A

15-20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages. Cartilage rings reinforce and provide some rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open (patent) at all times. Cartilage rings are connected by elastic sheets called anular ligaments

37
Q

What happens to the trachea at the level of the eternal angle?

A

It bifurcated into two smaller tubes called the right and left primary bronchi

38
Q

What does the most inferior tracheal cartilage do and form?

A

Separates the primary bronchi at their origin and forms an internal ridge called the carina

39
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

A highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi. Progressively branch into narrower tubes are they diverge throughout the lungs before terminating in terminal bronchioles

40
Q

What is characteristic of the hyaline cartilage that supports the walls of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open?

A

They are incomplete rings

41
Q

How do the right and left primary bronchi vary?

A

Right is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the left primary bronchi

42
Q

What enters the hilum of each lung together with the primary bronchi?

A

The pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

43
Q

What does each primary bronchus branch into?

A

Several secondary bronchi or lobar bronchi

44
Q

How many secondary bronchi do each lobe have and why?

A

The left lung has 2 secondary bronchi since it has 2 lobes.

The right lung has 3 secondary bronchi since it has 3 lobes

45
Q

What do the secondary bronchi divide into and how many in each lung?

A

Tertiary bronch. The right is supplied by 10 tertiary bronchi and the left lung is supplied by 8-10 tertiary bronchi

46
Q

What is each tertiary bronchi called and why?

A

A segmental bronchus because it supplies a part of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment

47
Q

The primary bronchus on the right side is straighter inferiorly arising off of the trachea. What is the clinical relevance of this?

A

If you inhale something, probability is greater on the right hand side

48
Q

Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts which contain small saccular outpocketings called ___________. What is the specific function of these outpocketings?

A

Alveoli

Thin wall is specialized to promote diffusion of gases between alveolus and blood in pulmonary capillaries. Contributes to the spongy nature of the lungs

49
Q

Describe asthma in terms of sympathetic/parasympathetic responses in the lungs

A

When you have asthma, there is more mucous production in the layers of the bronchioles. You also get contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles (Parasympathetic response)

Use of an inhaler regulates dilation via sympathetic nervous system - relaxes muscles and allows bronchioles to open up again

50
Q

What are the functions of alveolar type II cells (septal cells)?

A

Secrete surfactant

Inhibit collapse of alveolus

51
Q

What is the function of alveolar type I cells (squamous alveolar cells)

A

Promote rapid gas exchange

52
Q

Each lung has a _______ shape. Its wide, concave base rests upon the ___________. Its relatively blunt superior region, called the ______, projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle. Toward the midline, the lungs are separated from each other by the ______________. The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact with the thoracic wall is called the _________ surface of the lung.

A 
Conical
Diaphragm
Apex
Mediastinum
Costal
53
Q

Describe the general anatomy of the right lung

A 
3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
Diaphragmatic recess = potential space so that diaphragm can extend up during exhalation
54
Q

Describe the general anatomy of the left lung

A 
2 lobes (superior, inferior)
Cardiac notch
55
Q

What portion of the lungs contains the pulmonary arteries, primary bronchi, and pulmonary veins?

A

Hilum

56
Q

What is unique about blood flow in the lungs?

A

Arteries are carrying deoxygenated blood
Veins are carrying oxygenated blood

Because veins are carrying the oxygenated blood TO the heart so that it can be pumped through the rest of the body

57
Q

The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous membrane called _________ which is formed from simple squamous epithelium

A

Pleura

58
Q

Differentiate between the visceral and parietal pleura

A

Visceral pleura = tightly covers outer surface of each lung

Parietal pleura = lines internal thoracic walls, lateral surfaces of mediastinum, and superior surface of diaphragm

59
Q

The parietal and visceral pleural layers are continuous at the ______ of each lung. Between the two layers is fluid called ____________ which is secreted by ____________ membrane

A

Hilum
Surfactant
Serous

60
Q

What are the functions of surfactant in the pleural cavity?

A

Acts as a lubricant - ensuring minimal friction during breathing

Creates surface tension for close apposition of lung surfaces with the chest wall = optimal inflation of alveoli during respiration

61
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

The two layers of pleura become unadhered and air enters the pleural cavity

62
Q

What is hemothorax?

A

Two layers of pleura are separated and blood enters that space - lung collapses

63
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes/vessels within the connective tissue of the lung as well as around bronchi and pleura?

A

LNs collect carbon, dust particles, and pollutants that were not filtered out by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

64
Q

What respiratory muscles help increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation?

A

Scalenes

65
Q

What respiratory muscles elevate the ribs when they contract, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation?

A

External intercostals

66
Q

What respiratory muscles depress the ribs when they contract, but only during forced exhalation?

A

Internal intercostals

67
Q

What small muscle extends across the inner surface of the thoracic cage and attaches to ribs 2-6? It helps depress the ribs

A

Transversus thoracis

68
Q

What respiratory muscle elevates ribs 2-5 during inhalation?

A

Serratus posterior superior

69
Q

What respiratory muscle depresses ribs 8-12 during exhalation?

A

Serratus posterior inferior

70
Q

What 3 muscles help with forced inhalation?

A

Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Sternocleidomastoid

71
Q

What general muscles assist in active exhalation?

A

Abdominal muscles

Includes external/internal obliques, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis

72
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases, and vice versa

(Aka pressure and volume have inverse relationship)

73
Q

Based on Boyle’s law, what happens when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases even slightly?

A

The intrapulmonary pressure decreases slightly, and air flows into the lungs through conducting airways

Air flows into lungs from region of higher pressure (atmosphere) to lower pressure (intrapulmonary region)

74
Q

Based on Boyle’s law, what happens when the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases?

A

The intrapulmonary pressure increases and forces air out of the lungs into the atmosphere

75
Q

The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs are innervated by what nervous system?

A

Autonomic

76
Q

The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in what part of the brain?

A

Brainstem

Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the reticular formation through both the medulla oblongata and pons

77
Q

What is the function of the pneumotaxic center in the brainstem?

A

Inhibits activity of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

78
Q

What is the function of the apneustic center in the brainstem?

A

Stimulates inspiration via the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

79
Q

What are the effects of aging on the respiratory system?

A

Less efficient d/t structural changes
Decrease in elasticity of CT in lungs reduces gas exchange
Decrease in ventilation rate
Emphysema may cause loss of alveoli
Carbon/dust/pollution accumulate in LNs and lungs

80
Q

What was the function of gills derived from pharyngeal slits in early chordates? How did they breath?

A

Filter feeding

Gas exchange was through the skin

81
Q

What was the problem with respiration through the skin as evolution began to occur?

A

With an increase in size, surface area was not equivalent to volume of inspiration through skin, needed to change body shape to decrease surface area relative to volume

82
Q

Deep respiration is coupled with locomotion in most vertebrates - what does this mean for them and how has this changed in humans?

A

Lizards run for short bursts, then have to stop to breathe because respiration is completely coupled with locomotion

Humans have decoupled and enhanced respiratory control to permit things like speech while we are in motion

83
Q

What specific anatomical change contributed to the evolution of human speech in terms of enhanced breathing control?

A

Expanded thoracic vertebral canal demonstrating an increase in thoracic innervation to muscles like intercostals and abdominal muscles

Anatomy II Exam 2: Lectures 9-16 (9 decks)

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