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Anatomy II Exam 2: Lectures 9-16 > Lecture 14: Excretion > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Excretion Flashcards

1
Q

According to the table provided in the lecture, what characteristics of the human excretory system are found in “vertebrates”?

A

Nephrons develop segmentally but drain via a common duct

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2
Q

According to the table provided in the lecture, what characteristics of the human excretory system are found in “amniotes”?

A
  • Kidney derived from only a small region of embryonic tissue
  • Corpuscle reduced and tubule lengthened to conserve water
  • Elaboration of the urinary bladder form the urinary tract
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3
Q

According to the table provided in the lecture, what characteristics of the human excretory system are found in “mammals”?

A

Loop of Henle enhances the conservation of water

Ureter separates from the female vagina; common cloaca lost

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4
Q

According to the table provided in the lecture, what characteristics of the human excretory system are found in “humans”?

A
  • urine concentration ability is slightly less than that predicted for body size
  • Eccrine sweat glands supplement the nephrons in filtration and excretion of wastes
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5
Q

What is the strategy used for water and water balance by mammals and birds?

A

Large corpuscles, elongated tubule; high volume of urine processing and concentration; low volume of excretion

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6
Q

What is a holonephros?

A

Pronephros+ opistonephros–included nephrons of all segments functioning at the same time

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7
Q

What is the kidney of fetal amniotes?

A

Mesonephros

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8
Q

What is the adult kidney in amniote vertebrates?

A

Metanephros

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9
Q

According to one of the assigned articles, the evolution of higher affinity in URAT1 transporter permits an increase in serum uric acid levels and thus fat stores. What is this thought to predispose individuals to?

A

Gout

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10
Q

What is the main function of the kidney?

A

Filter waste products form the bloodstream and convert the filtrate into urine

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11
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the urinary system?

A
  • removing waste products from the blood stream
  • Storage of urine
  • Excretion of urine
  • Blood volume regulation
  • Regulation of erythrocyte production
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12
Q

What is characteristic of the ureter and what does this connect?

A

Long, fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine form the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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13
Q

About how long is the ureter and what type of organ is this?

A

25 centimeters in length and is retroperitoneal

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14
Q

Where does the ureter originate and extend to?

A

Originates at the renal pelvis as it exits the hilum of the kidney and then extend inferiority to enter the posterolateral wall of the base of the urinary bladder

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15
Q

What is the wall of the ureter composed of?

A

3 concentric tunics

Mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

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16
Q

Which kidney is located at a higher level in the back, and is thus better protected by the ribs?

A

The left

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17
Q

What are all the components of the urinary tract?

A

Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Note that the kidneys are NOT a part of the urinary tract, it only includes things that actually transport urine

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18
Q

What is the correct order/relationship between the kidney, fibrous capsule, renal fascia, paranephric fat, and perinephric fat?

A

Kidney - fibrous capsule - perinephric fat - renal fascia - paranephric fat

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of bladder expansion in terms of what part stays fixed and what part expands?

A

The base of the bladder stays fixed and the top part (dome) rises

20
Q

What is the term for the posteroinferior triangular area of the urinary bladder wall is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two posterior ureteral openings and the anterior urethral opening?

A

Trigone

21
Q

True or false - the trigone expands as the bladder fills and evacuates

A

False - the trigone remains immovable

It functions as a funnel to direct urine into the urethra as the bladder wall contracts to evacuate stored urine

22
Q

Name the 4 tunics that form the wall of the bladder

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia

23
Q

Do males or females have a more well-defined internal sphincter? Why?

A

Males is much more well defined, in order to prevent the reflux of seminal fluid back into the bladder from the prostate during ejaculation

24
Q

What is the muscular wall of the bladder that is under autonomic control?

A

The detrusor muscle

25
Q

Are the following voluntary or involuntary, and what nervous system controls them?

Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter

A 
Internal = involuntary, autonomic
External = voluntary, somatic
26
Q

The luminal lining of the ___________ is a protective mucous membrane that houses clusters of mucin-producing cells

A

Urethra

The mucin-producing cells are urethral glands

27
Q

What type of fibers surround the mucosa of the urethra and help propel urine outside the body

A

Primary smooth muscle fibers

28
Q

What are the 3 segments of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy

29
Q

What segment of the male urethra is approx. 3-4 cm long and is the most dilatable portion of the urethra?

A

Prostatic

30
Q

What segment of the male urethra is the shortest and least dilatable portion, which extends from the inferior surface of the prostate gland through the urogenital diaphragm?

A

Membranous

31
Q

What segment of the male urethra is the longest part and is encased within the corpus spongiosum?

A

Spongy

32
Q

Trace flow through the kidney from minor calyces to ureters?

A

Minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

33
Q

Differentiate between interlobar and interlobular arteries of the kidney

A

Interlobar are larger, interlobular are smaller branches off the interlobar

34
Q

Are efferent arterioles of the kidneys carrying oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated, because gas and nutrient exchange with the kidney tissues has not yet occurred

35
Q

What are the two types of capillary networks associated with the kidney?

A

Peritubular capillaries

Vasa recta

36
Q

What structures is the peritubular capillary network associated with?

A

Cortex

37
Q

What structures is the vasa recta capillary network associated with?

A

Medulla and pyramids

38
Q

What are the components of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle
PCT
Nephron loop (LOH)
DCT

39
Q

Which nephron structure produces a filtrate of blood that must be modified through the nephron tubules?

A

Renal corpuscle

40
Q

What nephron structure reabsorbs electrolytes, nutrients, plasma proteins, vitamins, and water?

A

PCT

41
Q

What nephron structure reabsorbs approximately 15-20% of excess water in tubular fluid?

A

Nephron loop (loop of henle)

42
Q

What nephron structure secretes H+ and K+ ions into tubular fluid; reabsorbs Na+ ions and water from tubular fluid?

A

DCT

43
Q

What type of cells surround the glomerular capsule?

A

Podocytes

44
Q

What is unique about the capillary lumen?

A

It is perforated for easy exchange

45
Q

Each kidney is innervated by a mass of autonomic nervous system fibers collectively called the ____________________, which accompanies each renal artery and enters the kidney through the ______ into the renal sinus

A

Renal plexus

Hilum

Anatomy II Exam 2: Lectures 9-16 (9 decks)

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