lecture 9: family and peer relationships Flashcards
define discipline
the set of strategies parents use to teach their children how to behave appropriately
when is discipline effective
effective if child stops engaging in inappropriate behaviour and engages in appropriate behaviour instead
ideally, disciple leads to what
internalization
what is the definition of internalization
the process by which children learn and accept the reasons for desired behaviour
what is the desired outcome of discipline
internalization
what is the best stategy for fostering internalization
reasoning that focuses on the effects of a behaviour on someone else is best strategy for promoting internalization
what is an example of reasoning that could help promote internalization
pulling someones hair is wrong because it hurts the other persons body and feelings
what does reasoning teach
empathy
what is the most common form of discipine
reasoning
in order to foster internalization, what does reasoning have to be combined with
psychological pressure
what is psychological pressure
certain level of disapproval about an action
explain the sweet spot of psychological pressure
too little = child disobeys and ignores message
too much= child is obedient but only because they feel forced to do it (wil only comply if there is a risk of being caught)
just right= slightly raised voice and disapproving look is oren enough
explain the too little pyscholigcal pressure
too little = child disobeys and ignores message
explain the too much psychological pressure
child is obedient but only because they feel forced to do it
-wil only comply if there is a risk of being caught
eg: punishment
explain the just right psychological pressure
slightly raised voice and disapproving look is often enough
what are the 2 dimensions of parenting
control/discipline
warm/sensitivity/support
explain the control/discipline dimension of parenting
extent to which parents monitor and manage their children behaviour through rules and consequences
explain the warmth/sensitivity and support dimension of parenting
extent to which parents mirror their children and are responsive to them
if someone has high warmth and high control, what parental style are they
authoritative
if someone has high warmth and low control, what parental style are they
permissive
if someone has low warmth and high control, what parental style are they
authoritarian
if someone has low warmth and low control, what parental style are they
uninvolved
authoritative parents are high in what
warmth/support and control
explain an authoritative parents
high in support and control
attentive and responsive to childs needs and concerns and respect the childs perspective
set clear standards and limits for their children nd are firm and consistent about enforcement
but allow autonomy within those limits
what pareting style is this:
high in support and control
attentive and responsive to childs needs and concerns and respect the childs perspective
set clear standards and limits for their children nd are firm and consistent about enforcement
but allow autonomy within those limits
authoritative
true or false: authoritative parents have high warm low control
false, that is permissive
explain the standards parents that are authoritituve show
set clear standards and limits for their children and are firm and consistent about enforcement
=but also allow autonomy within those limits
what are the 5 effects of authoritative parenting on kids
self condience
socially skilled
have many friends and are well-liked
behaviour in accordance with adults expectations
do well academically
what type of parenting style should you strive for
authoratative
true or false: children who had authoritative parenting style are more sociallly skilled and do well academically
true
authoritarian parents are high in what and low in what
high in control but low in warthh
explain authoritarian parents
high in control low in warmth
cold and unresponsive to childs needs
expect child to comply with parents desires without question
exercise power by using threats, punishments and psychological control
what type of parenting is this:
high in control low in warmth
cold and unresponsive to childs needs
expect child to comply with parents desires without question
exercise power by using threats, punishments and psychological control
authoritarian
whicg type of parent expects child to comply with parents desires without question
authoritarian
true or false: permissive parents exrercise power by using threats, punishements and psychological contrpl
false, authoritarian do
what are the 5 effects of authoritarian parenting on kids
1) create hostility in children and a refusal to internalize parents’ message
2) lower in self confidence
3) high levels of mental health problems
4) lower social competence
5) more behavioural problems, like aggression and delinquency
what parenting style usually leads to rebellion effect
authoritarian
permissive parents in high in what and low in what
high in warmth, low in control
what parenting is opposite of authoritarian
permissive
what is the difference between authoritative and permissive
permissive parents are responsive to childs needs and wishes BUT are overly lenient
explain permissive parenting
high in warmth, low in control
responsive to childs needs and wishes but are overly lenient
do not require child to regulate themselves or act in appropriate ways
what type of parenting is this:
high in warmth, low in control
responsive to childs needs and wishes but are overly lenient
do not require child to regulate themselves or act in appropriate ways
permissive
what are the 4 effects of permissive parenting
1) high impulsivity
2) low in self regulation
3) more behavioural problems, like aggression and delinquency
4) low academic achievementt
which toy of parenting style makes kids show higher impulsivity
persmissive
explain uninvolved parenting
low in control and warmth
generally disengaged from parenting
no limits and no support
sometimes rejecting and neglectful
focused on their own needs instead of children needs
what type of parenting style is this:
low in control and warmth
generally disengaged from parenting
no limits and no support
sometimes rejecting and neglectful
focused on their own needs instead of children needs
uninvolved
uninvolved parenting is low in what
low in control and warmth
what parenting style is disengaged from parenting
uninvolved
what parenting style focusses on their own needs instead of children needs
uninvolved
what are the effects of uninvolved parenting on kids
struggle with self worth
insecure attachment
poorer mental health
low in social competetnce
low in academic achievement
more behavioural problems
kids raised with this parenting style are more likely to show insecure attachment
uninvolved parenting
what are some examples of behavioural problems of kids with uninvolved parents
aggression
delinquency
promiscuity
substance abuse
which gender spends more time with kids
moms spend on average, even those that work, 1.5 hours more with their children than dads
over dads, moms are more likely to provide what to kids
physical care and emotional support to children
dads are more likely to do what with children in comparison to mom
play with children
true or false: parenting by moms and parenting by dads are equally important and affect children in similar ways
and example
true
warmth and responsiveness from both is important for children mental health
what are some of the similarities of parenting across cultures
all parents teach about good and bad behaviour very often and are least likely to use low withdrawal (deprive kids of love)
what are the differences of parenting across cultures
italian parents are more likely to yell or scold
Kenyan parents are most likely to threaten or use punishment, but least likely to take away privileges
what nationality are more likely to yell or scold
italian
kenyan parents are most likely to threaten or use physical punishment, but least likely to do what
take away privileges
explain the study about discipline techniques in european american vs chinese parentsing
authoritarian style: is more likely to be used by chinese parents and has few negative consequences on chinese children
authoritative parenting: is linked witth positive outcomes in both european americans and chinese kids but this link is stronger for European american kids
what does the study about discipline techniques in european american and chinese parenting
suggests that authoritative parenting is best across cultures, but authoritarian parenting is less harmful in cultures where that is the norm
authoritarian parenting is less harmful when
in cultures where that is the norm
what percentage of children experience regular physical punishment
60
where is regular physical punishments rates higher
in countries where authoritarian parenting is the norm
metaanylisis of studies across 50 years shows that the more children are spanked, the:
less they comply and the more aggressive they are
more mental health problems they have
more problematic relationships with parenting
lower their self esteem
lower their cognitive ability
true or false: negative outcomes from spanking are found cross cultural grousp
true
is spanking really that bad
true
explain what united nations aaid about spanking
spanking is a form of violence against children that violates human right to be protected from violence
rue or fales: spanking is illegal in canada according to united nation
false, it is not
true or false: parent-child interactions tend to be bidirectional
true
explain how parent-child interactions tend to be bidirecitonnal
each influences and reinforces the other behaviour
can create both positive and negative cycles
ex: baby smiles, parent smiles, then baby smiles
explain the coercive cycle
parent makes request or says no
child disobeys
parent get angry and yells
child yells/throws tantrum
parent yells
parent gives up or succeeds
gives up: reinforces child tantrums
succeeds: reinforces harsh parenting
child with difficult temperment is more likely to what (according to coercive cycle)
more likely to disobey and provoke harsh parenting
explain childs problem behaviour reinforces what (according to coervcive cycle)
parents hardh parenting which unintentionally reinforces the child behaviour
do shared genes play a role in child and parent bahaviour
yes
parents and children behaviour can also both be caused by the genes they share
a correlation between parenting and children behaviour/outcomes could be due to what
parenting practices
children beahvior
and shared genes
true or false: parenting practices are solely responsible for children outcomes
false, they are not (genes also play a role)
internalization of appropriate behaviour is fostered by what two things
reasoning and a sweet spot of psychological pressure
warmth x contro creates 4 parenting styles: what are they
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved
parenting style has an important impact on what
children outcomes
authoritative parenting style is best for promoting what
internalization, well-being and social competencies across cultures
parenting varies somewhat by culture, so sometimes spanking is useful
false, it is never a useful strategy
parenting practices are not solely responsible for children outcomes, what other 2 factors effect
children behaviour and shared genes
what was the average age of first time moms n canada in 2001
27
what was the average age of first time moms n canada in 2016
29
average age of firm times moms in canada is increasing or decreasing
increasing
older first time parents (vs younger parents) tend to have what in terms of education income
more education and higher income
older first time parents (vs younger parents) tend to have fewer or more children
fewer
true or false; older first time parents (vs younger parents) are less likely to get diverosed in the first 10 years
true
which type of parents, old or young, show more positive parenting
odler
explainn how older first time parents have more positive parenting
lower rates of harsh parenting compared with people that became parents at 18-25 years old
what percentage of same sex parents in 2001
8.6
what percentage of same sex parents in 2016
12
children raised by same-sex parents are different or no different that children raised by different sex parents
no different
explain how children raised by same-sex parents are no different than children raised by different sex parents
similar mental health, social competence, sexual orientation, and academic achievement
what does the fact that children raised by same-sex parents no different that children raised by different sex parents show
shows that parenting style matters, not parents sexual orientation
what percentage of marriages end in divorce and when was the peak
35-42%
peak was 50% in 1987
initially, does divorce impact a childs well-being and explain
yes, kids show more depression, lower self esteem, more behavioural problems and do worse academically
explain how divorce negative impacts children wellbeing initially
yes, kids show more depression, lower self esteem, more behavioural problems and do worse academically
divorce is associated with what in terms of parents
associated with greater parental irritability and less parental available and warmth, making the negative impact on children worse
kids in divorce adjust better if what
if parents are supportive and emotionally available
what were the methods for the study about children age and divorce
followed families for 4 years to examine effect of timing of divorce on children outcomes
what were the divorce outcomes they looked at on the study about children age and divorse
no divorse
early divorse: parents divorced when child was in grade 1-5
late divorce: parents divorced when child was in grade 6-10
what were the children outcomes that were studied in the study about childrens age and divorce
internalizing symptoms: depression, anxiety and loneliness
externalizing symptomsL aggression, non-obedience, impulsivit
academic performance
what were the results of children age and divorce study on internalizing symptoms
younger kids whose parents divorced showed more internalizing symptoms (vs older kids and no divorce kids)
true or false: younger kids whose parents divorced showed less internalizing symptoms (vs older kids and no divorce kids)
false, showed more
what were the results of children age and divorce study on externalizing symptoms
younger kids whose parents divorced showed more externalizing symptoms
true or false; younger kids whose parents divorced showed more externalizing symptoms
true
what age of kid was more affected academically in divorce
older kids
what were the results of children age and divorce study on academic performance
older kids whose parents divorced has power academic performance (vs younger kids and no divorce kids)
true o false: age does not affect how children just to divorce
false, it does
explain how age affects how children adjust to divorce
kids who’s parents divorced when they were younger showed more itnernalizing and externalizing symptoms
kids who’s parents divorced when they were older showed poorer academic performace
kids who’s parents divorced when they were younger showed more of what symptoms
more internalizing and externalizing symptoms
kids who’s parents divorced when they were older showed what outcomes
showed poorer academic performance
what is the explaination for why kids who’s parents divorced when they were younger showed more internalizing and externalizing symptoms
could not cognitively understand the reasons behind divorse
blame themselves
what does the fact that age affects how children adjust to divorce suggest
suggests which areas parents should target to help their kids through divorsce
true or false: negative effects of divorce o children last long
false, tend not to last long
explain how negative effects of divorce on children tend to not last long
differences in well-being of adults whose parents divorced in childhood vs adults whose parents stayed married are very small
children have a harder time adjusting to divorce and do worse if what : 2 things
multiple changes
ongoing conflict between parents/stepparents
explain how multiple changes can cause children to have a harder time adjusting to divorse
divorce and new home and new neighborhood and new school and remarriage
make it harder
explain how ongoing conflict between parents/stepparents can make children have a harder time adjusting to divorce and do worse
puts child in the middle and in the role of mediator
children do better if parents are able to be civil and communicate directly with each odler
children have an easier time adjusting to divorce if parents show what
high levels or warmth
when can divorce be a good thing
if parents were engaged in a lot of conflict before getting divorced
explain how divorce can be a good thing if parents were engaged in a lot of conflict before getting divorced
kids psychological well-being improves after divorce is parents had a lot of conflict
understand graphs about how divorce can be a good thing
explain how siblings can be a good thing vs bad thing
good: can be friends and support each other
bad: can be competition for ressources like toys or parental attention
true or false: quality of sibling relationship matters
true
negative sibling relationshiops predict what
more depression
more social withdrawal
more problem behaviours
what are the 2 main predictors of positive sibling relationship
1) siblings treated equally by parents
2) parents get along with each other
explain how siblings being treated equally by parents is a predictor of positive sibling relationship
if favouring happens, the least favoured childs well-being suffers
when is siblings not being equally by parents become less detrimental
1) differential treatment is view as justified (eg: age gap)
2) collectivist culture
3) older siblings
explain how parents getting along with each other is a predictor of positive sibling realtionship
divorce can make sibling relationships worse because kids have to compete over parental attention which is scare ressource during divorce
older parents tend to have a more positive or negative parenting style
positive
the way a divorce impacts children depends on wjat
age
what is a friend
a person that is not a relative with whom an individual has an intimate reciprocated and positive relationship
what are the two most important factors in childrens friend ships
similarity
proximity
explain similarity as a factor in children friendship
age
accesptance
personality (eg: cooperative, shyness)
level of negative emotions
academic motivation
explain proximity as a factor in children freindship
live in same neighbourhood
go to same school
participate in same extracurricualr activties
children are more likely to be freinds with kids of the same or diff gender
same
when does the preference for being friends with the same gender emerge
3-4 years of age
when does the preference for hanging out with kids of the same gender peak
around 13
what happens to freindship at age 13
time with oppsotive sex friends increases, especially for girls
explain friendships at 1-2 years olf
show preference of some children over others
(tocu hthem, smile more at them)
explain friendships at 2-3 years old
develoipping more complex social behaviors
(ex: imitating peers bahviour, cooperative problel solving, turn taking)
at what age do kids have at least one friend
3-5
AT WHAT age do children have their first best freidn
3-5
at 3-5 years old, who is the best firend
the peer they play the most with
emergence of preference for same gender peers emerges at what age
3-4 ages
explain frienship at 3-5 yeara old
most kids have at least 1 friend
freinds interact more often and cooperatte more effectively vs non friends
but friends also have more conflict than non friends (more likelyo negotioate out of conflict than non friends)
at 5-8 years old, how is friendship defined
define friendship on basis of activityes with peers
at 9 yers old, how is freindship defined
defintion of friendship expands to included important chracteristics (shared interest, providing help, companionship)
at what age is friendship defined on basis of activityies withpeers
5-8
at what age does definition of friendship ex[amds tpo inclued important charcateritics
9 years old
how is freindship defined in adolescence
more defined by self disclosure and intimacy
at what age is friendsgip more defined by self disclosure and intimacy
adolescrence
at what age do you start having more freinds of oppsite sex
13
true or false: as children get older, gender differences emerge in what they want out of friendship
true
explain girls desires for freindships (vs boys)
desire more closenesss and dependency in friendships
but comes with more worrying about abdandonment, hurting others, and otehrs judgemnets (more likely to experience friendship stress, dissapointement and betrayal)
true or false: boys are more likely to exprience friendship stress, dissappintment and betrayal
false, girls
although girls amd boys have different desires about friendship, boys and girls have similar or diff levels or conflict and stability in freindship
similar
what is sociometric status
degree to which children are liked vs disliked by peers
how is sociometric measured
by haviing children nominate peers in their class that they like (more positive nominations) and peers in their class that they dislike (negative nominations)
according to sociometric status, each child is classfied into 5 status groups: what are they
popular
rejected
average
neglected
controversial
what percentage of kids are popular
11
explain how popular kids are liked or disliked
liked by many
disliked by few
explain how popular kids tend to ne
socially skilled
good emotion regulation skills
assertive by not aggressive
tend to have factors that give them high status (attractice, athletici, popular friends)
children of what group tend to be:
socially skilled
good emotion regulation skills
assertive by not aggressive
tend to have factors that give them high status (attractice, athletici, popular friends)
popular
what percentage of mids are rejected
13
explain liked and dislikes of rejected kids
liked by few peers
disliked by many
rejected kids tend to have fewer bLANK
fewer positive social skills compared to peers
kids of what group tend to have fewer positive social skills compared to peers
rejected kids
what are the two subsets of rejected kids
aggressive rejected
withdraw rejected
what percentage of kids are in the agressive rejected
40-50 % of rejected kids
agreesive rejected kids tend to show what
high levels of hostility
threatining behaviour
physical agression
delinquency
what percentage of rejected kids are part of the withrdrawn rejected
10-25% rejrectd kids
withdraw rejected kids tend to be what
socially withdrawn
timid
socially anxiious
who is more likely to be bullied
withdrawn rejected
what group is frequently victimized and feel lonely, isolated and depressed
withdrawn rejected
understand cooervice cycles for rejected kids
what percentage of kids are neglected
what percentage of kids are neglected
9
explain nominations of neglected kids in sociometric status
dont recieve many nominations
(not liked or idisliked
neutral/not noticed)
what group of children are less social and less disruptive than average children
neglected kids
neglected kids are less blank and less nlank than average children
less social and disruptive
true or false and explain: negletcted kids are not at risk for negative outcomes
true
simply prefer solitary activtiy
can be socially skilled in more structured activities
what percentage of kids are controversial
7%
what is the liked vs not liked of controversial kids
liked by many
disliked by many
the controversial kids have characteritics of what two other groups
rejected aggressive and popular
explain how controversial kids have characteritics of rejected agressive and popular kids
-aggressive, disruptive and prone to anger
-compensate for this with many positive social skills like being cooperative, sociable and funny
what percentage of kids are average kids
60
explain likes bs dislikes of average kids
moderate number of likes and disliked
average kids are more social than who but not as social as who
more: rejected and neglected
less: popular and controversial
explain short term stability of sociometric status
neglected or controversal children are likely to change status
popular, rejected and average children tend to remain so
in short term, neglected or controversal children are likely to change status
or remain
change
in short term: popular, rejected and average children tend to remain so or change status
remain so
explain long term stability of sociometric status q
sociometric status more likely to change
average and rejected status most stable
long term, is sociometric status more likely to change or remain the same
change
long term, what sociometric status is most stable
average and rejected
what are the two main reasons that friendship is important
provides social validation and support
fosters development of positive social skills
epxlain how freindship provides social validation and support (4)
especially important during transition
chronic friendlessness is assocaition with increased loneliness and depression
kids tend to rely more on freinds than perents around age 16
friendship buffers agains negative experiences
when is friendship especailly important
during transitions
chronic friendlessness is associated with icnreased what
increased loneliness and depression
kids tend to rely more on friends than parents at what age
16
true or false: friendship buffers against negative expriences
true
whta are the methods for the study about freinds buffering against negative experiences
study: 10-11 years olds reported on their negative experiences over the course of 4 days
after each experience, indicated:
self worth= how they flet about themsevles
wehther best freind was presend or not
measured cortisol as an indicator of stress reaction
in study about friends buffer neg experiences, if best friend was no present what were the results
if best friend was not present, more negative expriences assocaited with increased cortisol and lower self worth
but not if best friend was present
explain how friendship fosters developmemt of positive skills
builds cooperation
gossip allows children to learn about social norms
important for dev freindshipships throughout life
gossip allows childrent to learn about what
social norms
in the longitudinal benefits of friendships study, what were the ages
frienship assessed at age 10 and then follow up at age 22
in the longitudinal benefits of friendships study, what were the results at age 10
kids who had a best friend (vs those who didnt) were seen as :
-less aggressive
-more popular/ well liked
in the longitudinal benefits of friendships study, what were the results at age 22
those who had a best friend at age 10:
-were more successful in university
-had better family and social lives
-had high self esteem and less anxiety and depression
what did the longitudinal benefits of freindship study show
that having a close friendship in childhood has both short-term and long term benefits for social and psychological well-being
what are the implications of being rejected
more aggression
delinquency in teens
substance abuse
continued unhealthy relationships
less education
limited work success
crime in adulthood
true or false: rejected, especially aggressive rejected kids are at high risk for negative outcomes
truwe
what is deviancy training
negative peer pressure wherein peers model and reinforce aggression and deviance by making these behaviors seem accetable
kids that have aggressive/delinquent friends are more or less likely to also become more agrressive themsevles
more
when can deviancy training begin
as earlt as age 5
falling in with the wrong group is dependant only on deviancy training
false, also selection effect
explain selection effect
children choose peers that are similar to them
implies that kids choose and contribute to the wrong crowd
parents can shape their children peer relationshop in a positive way using two strategies: what are they
1) monitoring
2) emotion coaching
explain how monitoring from parents can shape their childrens peer relationships
parents deicide whom children interact with an how much time they spend doing particular activities
(looks diff depending on age of the child but matters at all ages)
explain how emotion coaching from parents can shape their childrens peer relationships
parents teach kids how to effectively manage emotions to interact with peers and handle conflict
the more age appropriate monitoring and coaching makes what happen
the more kids are socially competent and liked by peers
what do school interventions in terms of peers aim to improve
aim to improve childrens peer relationsjips by enhancing their emotional development
what is an example of school intervention
promoting alternative thinking strategies (PATHS)
what was the function of PATHS
aim to change how rejected children interact with peers
what are the age range for PATHS
4-11
what did children in PATHS learn
-to identify emotional expressions
-think about the causes and consequences of different ways of expressing emotions
-strategies of self regulation
children that partcipate in PATHS (vs control) show what 4 things
improved emotion understanding and regulation
increased social problem solving
decreased externalizing behaviour (agression, acting out)
decreased depression
children choose friends that are similar to them and what else
in close proximity
there are 5 socioemetric status groups: what are tehy
popular
rejected
neglected
controversial
average
sociometric status is assocaited with what
different behavioural profiles
friendship is important for what development in kids
emotional and social dev
freindship can be assocaited with negative outcomes though what
deviancy training and selection effects
what can help improve peer acceptance
parents monitoring
coaching
school interventions
