lecture 2) visual dev cont and motor deev Flashcards
do infants show a prerence to new or familiar stim
familiar stim
what will causee infants to. shift their preference to a novel stim
prolongued or repeated exposure
true or false: prolongued or reepeated exposure to a sttim wil lcause infants tto shift their preeference to a novel stim
true
what determines whether an infant will show a familiar or novelty preference
lenght of exposure
short exposure = what type of prefernce
familiarity
long exposure = what type of prefernce
novelty
what is the main implication for the familiary vs novelty preference
exposure time in lab induced preference produces need to be long enough for the baby to become familiar with the stimulis but short enough so that they dont get bored (habituation)
what is the trial and duration of preference procedures
there is usually only one familiarzation trial that is brief
what is the trial and duration of the habituation paradigm
they need to repeat the preesentation of a stimulus enough times to ensure that the infant is bored
(many trials)
what is the definition of boredom
usually indexed as 50% reduction in looking time for 3 trials in a row compared to intial trials
what is perceptual constancy
the perception of objects as being constant in size, shape, colour etc in spite of physical differences in retinal image of the object
give an example of perceptual constancy in adults
when door is opening and closing the shape changes but we are sttill have to perceive the door as rectabgle rgardless
in the study about perceptual constancy in fancts what were they testing
if perceptual constancy preseent from birth
in the study about perceptual constancy in infants, what paradigm did theey use
habituation paradigm
explain tthe habitation for the perceptual constancy experiment
repeadly show infant a small cube
cube shown at diff distances at each trial (causing retinal image to changee from trial to trial)
= do infants perceive these as the same object or as diff objects
explain tthe test for the perceptual constancy experiment
show infant the orinal (smaller cube) and an identical larger cube but the larger one was further away so that both cubes projected the same size retinal image
if baby had perceptual constancy (understand that distance does not physically change tthe object), what would their reaction be to the cubes
they sbould look att the larger cube longer since they are used tio tge smaller cube
if baby did not have perceptual constancy (understand that distance does not physically change tthe object), what would their reaction be to the cubes
they will look ewually at botth cubes
if infants looked longer at the larger. but further away cube in the perceptual constancy test, what does this indiicate
that they see the large cube as different in size from the original smaller cube (even if it seems the same size)
=means that infants saw the repeated presentations of the original, small cube as a single object of small consttant size, even though the retinal image varied
what did tthe results of the perceptual constancy in infantst suggest
that perceptual consatncy is present from birth
what is object segregation
the ability to identigy tthat objects are seperate from each other
what is the most important cue for infancts in terms of object segregated
movement
(seperate objects move independantly of each other)
what was the question of study for oobject segregation in infatnts
if object segreation present from birth
is perceptual constnactt present from birth
yes
is object segregation present from birtth
no
what paradigm did they use for the objectt segregation srugy
habitaution
what was the habituation for the object segregation study
repeatly watched a video of a rod moving side to side behind a box
(do infants see the rod as a single rod or 2 seperaete shotr rods)
what was the test for the onject segregation
shown 2 rods stimuli moving side to side
(one rod vs broken rod)
what were the resulst of the objectt segregation test
4 months: preferred to look at broken rod (see broken rod as novel)
=indicates that they undeerstood that hte rod behind the box is one object
=have object segregation
rtue or false: 4 monh olds havee object segregation
true
what were the results for new borns in the object segregation test
they looked rhe same amount of time at the broken road and the single road
=indicattes that they did not understand that the rod behind the box was a single object
=dp not have object segregation
is objcet seegregation innate
no , has to be learned with eexperience
what is the most important depth clue
binocular disparity
what is binocular disparitty
diff bewteen the retinal image of an objec tin each eye that results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain
=visual corttez combines differing neural signals caused by binocular density
when does depth perception occur according to the slope study
- months
true or false: there is a sensitve period for binoclar vision
true
wha tis a sensitve period
a ttime period during which experiences shapes the dev of an ability more than att other times
what is the sensittve period for bincolar vision
birth to 3 years old
what is depth perception from binolar disparity the result of (how do we get this normal depth perception)?
brain maturation as long as the infant receives normal visual input
what happens if infants do not receive normal visual input by the age of 3
theey may fail to develop normal binolccular vision and have life long difficults with depth percepttion
what is an example of something that would impede binoccular vision
cataracts
sttrapismus
true or false: monocular depth cues are perceived with 2 eyes
false, one
when is monocular deptth cues perceives
6-7 months
whatt is the reason that 6 months old will not craw over visual cliff but ypunger will
monocoular depth cues
true or false: depth percepttion needs to be dev thru experience
true
why will infants younger than 6 months craw right over the visual cliiff
they havent developped moonocular depth clues
explain visual dev at birtth
rudimentary visual scanning, poor acuity, preference for high contrast, minimal colour vision, preference for faces vs non faces and perceptal consgtance
explain visual dev at 2 months
colour vision appears
explain visual dev at 4 months
object segregation and binocular depth percepttion appear
explain visual dev at 6 months
face generalist, monolular depeth percepttion occurs
explain visual dev at 8 months
visual scanning, visual acuity and colour percepion similar o adultts
explain visual dev at 9 months
face specialists tthrough perceptual narrowing
what parts of visual develpment are innate
perceptual constancy and preference for faces
which parts of visual dev improve wiht brain maturation
visual acuity, colour perception and visual scanning
which parst of visual dev depend on experience dependent processes
object segreation
face perception (perceptual narrowing)
depth perceeption (sensitivee period for binocular vision)
what is intermodal perception
the coordinated peercepttion of singular object or event through 2 or more sensory systtems
what are the sensory systems usually paired in intermodal percetion
vision and at least 1 other sensory modality
ttrue or false: intermodal percepttion is presentt very early on
true
whatt was the question asked for the study about intermodal perception for touch and vision
can newborns integratet touch and vision
what was the study for combining vision and touch (intermodal perception)
infants sucked on a pacifer that they couldnt see and then used the preferental looking procedure: they got a picture of the pacifier they sucked on vs a pacifier of a diff shape and texture
what paradigm was used for intermodal perception of vision and touch
preferential LOOKING
what were the results of the intermodal study ocmbining vision and touch
newborns looked longer at the pacifier they sucked on (ie looked at familar pacific)
=able to distinguish and choose the familar without even seeing it
what did the study combining vision and touch for intermodal perception show
shows that ability to combine visual info with touch is present from birth
true or false: that ability to combine visual info with touch is not present from birth
false, it is
what was the question for the intermodal study of vision and auditory info
can infants combine vision with sound
what was the paradigm used for the intermodal study of vision and auditory info
the preferential looking
what was the study for the intermodal study of vision and auditory info
4 month olds simultaenously watched 2 vids side by side (showed vid of someone playing peekabo and someone drums)
=at the same time there was audio of peeking playing (ie audio is synchornized with only 1 video)
what was the results for the intermodal study of vision and auditory info
looked more at the person playing peekabo vs the person playing drums
=shows that infants can integrate visual and auditory infor (important for language dev)
what did \the study for the intermodal study of vision and auditory info show
that infants can integratte visual and auditory info
why is it important that infacnts can combine vision and auditory info
important for language development because children need to understand that speech sounds are linkeed with a moving mouth
what is the McGurk effect
illusion that occurs when the auditory component of a sound is paired with the visual compoinent of another sound, leading to perceptionn of a third sound
true or false: 5 month olds are suspecitblw to the mcgurk effect
true
what dose the mcgurk effect suggest
that auditory visual intermonal perception is.a result of learning
what are reflexes
innate, involuntary actions that occur in response to a particular stim
(adaptive)
what is the grasping reflex
children will. hold and close hand when something touches it
what is the rooting reflex
when you totuch a cheeck they will automactticlly turn their head in the direction and open mouth
true or false: all reflexes have clear functiin
false, ex: the tonic neck reflex
what is the tonic neck reflex
when an infant head is turned to the side, their arm on that size extends and the arm and knee on the other side flex
when do. most reflexes dissapear
2 months
what are some reflexes that dont dissapear after 2 months
coughingm sneezing, blinking, withdrawing from pain
what can absent reflexes or reflexes that persist too long indicate
that the infant has neeurological problems
ttrue or false: motor milestones can happen out or order
false, they cannot
do all children acheive milestornes at same time
no , huge individual variation in the ages
what are the different degrees of motor develpment
1)
1) prone lifts head
2) prone, chest up uses arm for support
3). rolls over
4) support some weight on legs
5) sits without support
6) stands with support
7) pulls self to stand
8) walks using furniture for supprort
9) stands alone eeay
10) walks alone easy
what age. do. babies normally begin crawling
7-8. months
crawling is considered a motor milestone?
no ,
why is crawking not considered a motor milestone
because they can just never crawl and skip right to walking
why do some babies skip crawlling
upper body and core weakness
hypersenstive to the texture of the floor
tonic neck reflex still present
insuffiecneitn opportunitty
true or false: cultural diffs make no difference to motor deveopment
false, they make a big diff
average ages of milestones are based on what samples
WEIRD samples but mostt infants are not
what does WEIRD sample stand for
westerm
educatued
industrialized
rich
democrattic
what percentage of world is weird
15%
what is the problem with the aveerage ages of milestones
that most of the milestones are based on WEIRD samples but mostt infants in the world are not
trtue or false: cultural practices lead to indivatidal diffs in when mottor milestones are acheived
true
give an example of how culture affects the motor milesotne (sittting)
there are huge cultural differences in how long 5 months can sit indiependantly
(kids from cameroon can do longer independantt sitting than in italy because of their cultratl diffs)
why are there cross cultural diffs in how long 5 montth olds can sit independantly
related to where infanst are placed to sit
=earlier indp sittting in counttriese where infants spent more time in places with less postural support
=later dev sittting in countries where infants spent moree ttime inn places with lots of postural support (eex: child furniture or being held)
in what types of countries is there earlier independant sitting
countries where infants spent more time in places with less postural suppport
in what types of countries is there later independant sitting
later independantt study sitting in countries where infantst spent more time in places with lotst of posutural spport (child furniture or being held)
what are examples of little postural supportt positions
ground and adult furniture
(need to dev balance, coordinattion and core strength)
what are examples of positions witth lotst of postural supportt
child furniture or being held by an adult
(more support for the body therefore no coordination)
true or false: how much ttime an infants spends in places witth less psotural support impacts when theyll be able tto sit independantly
true
what dictates when/impacts when children will be able to sit independantly
how much time an infant spends in places with less postural support
be able o explain the culture and sitting graph between cameroom and italy
truee or false: motor milestones are not affected by how many opporunities infants have to practice and how much motor dev is actively encourges
false, tjhey are
give an examples of cultural effecst on motor dev
1) sitting positions effect mottor dev in sittting
2) motor milestones are affecteed by how many opportunities infants have to practice
3) diaper vs naked walking
give some examples on how mottor miestones are affected by how many opporunities infants have to practice and how much motor deev is actively encouraged
1) in some countries, some infants are actively discouraged from crawling because of safety or hiegne concerns so many crawl later or never (ex: urban china)
2) adults perform motor exercises in subsaharan exercise with their kids
(infants are more advanced in motor skill dev than kids in north america)
trtue or false: diapers affect infant walking
trtue
do infants show more mature walking when naked or when wearing a diaper
naked
when naked, do ifnants show narrow and smaller steps or larger and spread
smaller and narrow
true or false: cultural practices in one domain can have unintended consequences in another domain
true q
what were the earlier theories behind motor development
that motor dev governed by cortical maturation
what is the current theory mechanism beehind mottor development
motor dev governed by complex interplay between numerous factors
what are some of tthe factors that affect motor dev
neural dev
increases in physical strengh
physical abilities, like posture control and balance
perceptual skills
change in body proportions and weight
mottivattion
do babies have the stepping reflex for their entire childhood
no , infants aree born with the steppinng reflex that dissapears at 2 months but then startt stepping agan bettween 7-12 months of age when laerniing to walk
what is tthe hypothesis for why stepping reflex dissapears
infants gain weight faster than they build leg muscles and thus have significant strengtth to lift heavier legs
what is the study/evidence that proved the role of wieght changes on stepping reflex
young infants who still showed stepping reflex stopped stepping when weights were attached to their ankles
infants who no longer showd stpeping reflex resumed stepping when placed in
a tank of water (buoyancy of water weight supported)
what did tthee fact that young infants who still showed stepping reflex stopped stepping when weights were attached to their ankles
infants who no longer showd stpeping reflex resumed stepping when placed in
a tank of water (buoyancy of water weight supported)
prove
that dissapearance of stepping reflexe is due to weight change rather than cortical matural
what is disappearance of stepping reflex due tto
weight change ratther than corical maturation
true or false: chubby babies take longer to walk
true
true or false: children are not intrinsically motivated
false, tthey are highly motivated despitte failing
does motivation play a role to motor development
yes, kids will continue to practice new skills even tthough they possess skills tthatt are more effiecient that could accomplish the same skills
true or false: individual diffs in motivation predict when motor milestones are acheived
true
what is the study that showed how individal diffs in motivation predict when motor milestones are acheived
study: compared low and high motivation infants on wheen they achieveed motor milestones
low motivation infants: movements occur infreq, prefer activities that require little energy, require lots of stimulation to change position
high motivationn: move often, prefer high energy activity. change position often , do not neeed stim to move
explain movementt of low motivation infants
low motivation infants: movements occur infreq, prefer activities that require little energy, require lots of stimulation to change position
explain high motivation infants
move often, prefer high energy activity. change position often , do not neeed stim to move
do high motivation children reach all motor milestones earlier than less motivated infants
yes
when do reflexes in infants usually disseapear
by 2 months
are motor milestones developped in a predicable sequencee
true
why does motor development matter?
1) enables active learning and expands an infant’s world
(allows children to learn by acting on the world rather than just passively observing and increasing opportunities for learning)
2) facilitates development of skills in other domains (especially in vision and social behavior)
what is a large motivation for why crawlres want to start walking
tthey get alott more view when they start walking
at what age are infants able to sit independtably and to reach
7 months
does reaching for ibjects have an consequences for visual development
yes they allow kids to become familiar with the properties of different objects, including 3D
what was the study that showed that independant sitting and reaching facilitate understanding of 3D objects
it was a habituation paradigm with 4-7.5 months old (assessed sittinng and reactning abilitty )
what ws the habituation period for the motor dev and perceiving 3d objects study
presented with rotation object with only. 2 sides visible (does the infant perceive this shaoe as complete 3d object)
what was the test phase for the motor dev and 3d objects study
presented with rotating compleet shape beside a rotating hollow shape
if the infants saw the shape as a complete object, they should look longer at what (3d study)
at incomplete display because its novel
understand the motor development and perceing 3d objectst study
what were the results of the motor dev and perceving 3d objects study
infants were more advanced in sitting and reaching were more likely to look at the incomplete display
-age not relatted to where the infant. looked
=suggests that motor skills dev in sitting and reaching influence development of 3d object percepttion
trtue or false: motor dev impactts depth percepttion
rtue
whatt was tthe study to show tthat motor development affects visual cues (slopes)
infants placed in front of walkways with either shallow or steeo slopes and encouraged to crawl across
(can babiees ttlel diff btwne slows(detect depth))
what did th perception of slope in the sttudy depend on
crawling expeerience
what were the results for the motor developmentt and depth perception (slope) study
Perception of slope depended on crawling experience
•Beginner crawlers (about8months) confidently went down shallow slope BUT also attempted slopes that were too steep
• Experienced crawlers avoided steep slopes
• When these same babies started walking, they made the same mistake as with
crawling
• Initially went down slopes that were too steep
Failed to transfer what they had learned about slopes through crawling to walking
what does the motor dev and depth perception using slopes study suggest
that infants have to learn through experience how to intergrate perceptual informatiton with ech new motor skill developped
do kids ever make mistakes after learning deepth perception?
yes, scale errors
what aree scale errors
attempt to perform an action on a miniature object that is impossible due to the huge diff in size between the child and the objecet
when do scale errors usually develop
around.2 yrs
what are scale errors due to
failure to inteegratee visual info with action planning
does motor dev help understand intensions
yes, in adults, they proactively shift their gaze to the goal of an action when observing somebody perform that action (indicates that they undersatnd the persons intension)
what does the fact that adults, proactively shift their gaze to the goal of an action when observing somebody perform that action iindicate
(indicates that they undersatnd the persons intension)
can infants aslo proactively shift their gaze to the goal of an action
depending on age
what was the study to see if infanst can proactively shift their gaze to the intension
eye tracking in 12 month and 6 month (showed an image of placing objects into a buckett)
what were the results of the motor dev study on whetther infants can proactively shift their gaze to the goal
12 months and adults showed proactive gaze toward bucket
6 month olds did not (have not devlopmmed ability to pick p and carry and drop objecst)
why do children at 6 months not proacttively shift their gaze towards the goal
have no yet dev the ability to pick up, carry and drop objects
whatt did the study about proacive gaze shiftt show
shows thatt infants ability to predict ohers actions relies on them being able to perform these same actions
true or false: motor dev is tightly linked with visual and social developpment
trtue
