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psych 304 > lecture 1b) visual development > Flashcards

lecture 1b) visual development Flashcards

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1
Q

why do we focus on infancy when studying visual development

A

because there are very rapid changes i nthe first 2 years of an infants life and changes in one area enable changes in other areas

and helps us understand which abilities are inante and which have to be learned through experience

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2
Q

what is a major struggle for studying infants

A

studying infants are different than methods for studying older children beacuse older can communicate more clearly with adults

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3
Q

true or false: at birth, an infants vision is almost non existent and barely fucntional

A

false, they can visually scan their environment and pause tot look at things

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4
Q

what are the 2 major methods in infant research

A

1) preferential looking paradigm
2) habituatiton paradign

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5
Q

what does the preferential looking paradign take advanttage of

A

takes adcvantage of infant’s preference to look at “interesting” things

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6
Q

explain the general idea of the preferential looking paradigm

A

1) present the baby with 2 stimuli side by side att the SAME TIME
2) if the baby lookings longer at one sitmuls that the other tthan tthat means that 1) they can distinguish between the two and have a preference for one over he oher.

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7
Q

what does tthe pref looking paradign assess

A

assesses infants natural preference for stimuli

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8
Q

what is a major limitation of tthe pref looking oarasign

A

babies cannot point therefore you need to try to deduce where they are kooking/focussing
=solution= use eye tracking devides

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9
Q

in the pref looking paradigm, if the baby looks longer at one stim than the other, what does that mean (2)

A

1) thye can distinguish beetween the 2
2) they have a preference for one over the otther

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10
Q

trtue or false: the habituation assesses the preference of an infant

A

false, assesses the ability to distinguish

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11
Q

what dose the habituattion paradigm take advantage of

A

the babies nattural preference for novelty (new things)

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12
Q

explain the habitutaion paradign generak

A

1) repeadely present infant with a stimulus until they habituate to it (ie: slowed, changes or stopped resoonse, looks at it less, gets bored)

2) present habituated “old” stim witth a new sttim

3) if baby changes its reaction to the new stim (dishabituation) it can telel the difference betweene the ttwo but if it looks equally at both, it cannot

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13
Q

what does the habittuation paradigm assess

A

the infants ability to discriminate b/w sttimuli

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14
Q

what is the habituation phase

A

repeatedly present infant with a stimulus until they habituate to it

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15
Q

explain the teset of the habituation paradigm

A

present thee habituated “old” stimulus with a new stim

if the baby changse its reaction to the new stimulus (dishabittuation), it can tell the difference between the two

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16
Q

what does it mean if the baby looks at both objects equally in the habituation paradigm

A

it means they cannot disttinguish between the 2

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17
Q

what is the def of visual acuity

A

sharpness of visual discrimination

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18
Q

how is visual acuity asseessed in children

A

by preseention a successtion of paddles with increasingly narrower stripes and narrowing gaps betweeen them until tthee infanct can no longer disgttinguish between srtipped paddle and plain gray one

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19
Q

true or false: at birth, infants have poor visual acuity

A

truee

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20
Q

since infants have poor visual acuity, do they prefeer tto look att images with high or low visual contrastt

A

high

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21
Q

true or false: infants are capable of distinguishing between stim with lower and highere sensitivities

A

false, they dont discriminate bettween stim with lower contrast sensitivities

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22
Q

be able to undersatnd the visual acuity witth paddles ttest

A

good

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23
Q

why do infants have poor visual acuity when they are younger

A

due to the immaturity of the cone cells in infants retina (light sensitve neurons involved in seeing fine details and colours)

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24
Q

when do chuldren develop adult like acuity

A

at 8 months

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25
Q

true or false: at 7 months, children have adult like acuity

A

false, 8 months

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26
Q

be able to disinguish between diffeerent moths and the development of visual acuity

A

,

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27
Q

what is the colour perception at 1 month

A

black and white

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28
Q

what is the colour perception at 2 month

A

colour vision appears

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29
Q

what is the colour perception at 5 month

A

perceive colour categories simular to adults

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30
Q

when do infants see black and white

A

1 month

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31
Q

when do infants have colour vision appeaer

A

2 months

32
Q

when do infants perceive colour categories similar to adults

A

5 months

33
Q

do infants categorize colour the same way adults true?

A

kinda,, they are able to distinguish thee diff btween green vs purple but not to change in colour. within the same cateogry

34
Q

trtue or false: from birth, infants can scan their visual environment and pause to look at something threfore ehave no issue tracking moving stim

A

false
infants can scan their visual environment and pause to look at something BUTTT
they have troublee tracking moving stim

35
Q

why do infants have trouble tracking moving stimuli

A

bcause eye movements are ejereky

36
Q

at what age are infants able to smoothly track slow moving objects

A

4 motnhs

37
Q

at what age do infants deevelop adult like visual scanning (smoothly follow objeects)

A

8 montths

38
Q

what is the quality of tracking stim as a new born

A

have trouble tracking moving stimuli because eye movements aree too jerky

39
Q

what is the quality of tracking stim as a 4 momth old

A

smoothly ttrack slow moving objects

40
Q

what is the quality of tracking stim as a 8 month old

A

they have adult like visual scanning and can smoothly follow objects

41
Q

wha causes improved visual scanning from infant to 8 months

A

brain maturation

42
Q

why is the ability to visual scan important

A

because it is one of the few ways that infants have control over what they observe and learn
(ability to be autonomous for baby) active child)

43
Q

true or false: newborns show a preference for faces (face like stim)_ overe non face like stim

A

true e

44
Q

do infants prefeer right side up faces or invereted

A

right side up

45
Q

explain why there was a hypothesis that there was a special face preception mechanism

A

because there is a part of the brain in the temporal cortex (fusiform face area) specialized in facial reconigztion

46
Q

what is the hypothesis for why infants are drawn to faces

A

infants have a general bias for sttim that are more “top heavy” vs bottom heavy

47
Q

how did they prove that baboese have a bias for top haevy stim

A

used preferential looking paradigm and showed reg faces, upside faces, scrambled top heaevy and scrambled body heavy

48
Q

if faces were “special” ie (innate mechanisms) what should the beehavior of the baby be when shown the 4 different faces

A

the babies should always prefer to look at the upright non scrambled face

49
Q

if faces were not special ie (general bias for top heavy mechanisms) what should the beehavior of the baby be when shown the 4 different faces

A

babies should prefer upright face AND scrambled top heaevy faces (with no preference btween thee two)

50
Q

true or false: there was a preef for the upright fac eovere the upside down facee

A

true

51
Q

was thtere a prefernecee for top heavy scrambled or bottom heavy

A

top heavy

52
Q

what was the behavior of babies when shown the upright face AND the top heavy config next to each other

A

there was no preference bettween the two showing that the preference for the faces simply result of general preference for stimuli that are top heavy rathere than bottom heavu (ie no special mechanism)

53
Q

tru or false: babies cannot recognize mom;s face

A

false, they quickly learn how to recognize and prefer and only a few days after birtth, babies prefer theeir mothers face compored to otther women

54
Q

what happens over the 1st year of life in terms of faces

A

infants become face specialists

55
Q

what does it mean to say that infants become facial specialists over the first year of life

A

meaens they are better at distinguishinh between faces thatt are frequently experienced in ttheir enviroment

56
Q

do. we have the same ability to distinguish between monkey faces as we do for humans

A

no , we have a harder ttime distinguishng beween money faces beacuse they are nott part of our normal enviroment

57
Q

what is the evidence that oveer the first year of lifee, infants become face specialists

A

9 montths old and adults can distinguish between human faces but struggle to distinguish between 2 monkey faces whereas

6 month olds are equally good at disttinguishing human and monkey faces (generalis)

58
Q

true or false: at 6 montths, infants are face specialistst

A

false, they are generalists at tthis point

at 9 months they are specialists

59
Q

what is perceptual narrowing

A

tuning of perceptual mechanisms to the specific sensory inpits that infants eencountre in their daily lifee (will specialize in things you se eoften)

60
Q

explain percepttual narrowing.

A

there is a decline in the ability to distinguish stimuli that ar enot present or relevant to the infants enviromentt

61
Q

what is perceptual narrowing the reseult of

A

synapttic pruning

62
Q

exeplain synaptic prunning

A

During synaptic pruning, the brain eliminates extra synapses.

= not wastee neural ressourceese on distinguishing non important things not in our normal environemnt

63
Q

what are some examples/evidencee of perceptual narrowing in face perception

A

infants becoming face specialists
infants demonstrate the other race effect

64
Q

what is the other race effect

A

people find it easier to distinguish between faces of individuals from their own. racial group rather than between faces from tother racial groups

65
Q

explain how they showed otther face effect in infactns

A

got caucasian kids and habituated them to their own face or to another face and then presented the habituated face wih a new face from the same ratte

results=
3 months old: distinguish between faces of all faces
9 months old: can only distinguish between faces of own race

66
Q

what were the results of the other race effect tese

A

3 months old: can distinguish between facse of all races
9 months old: can only distinguish between faces of their own race

67
Q

what is the other race effect evidence of

A

perceptual narrowing

68
Q

what is the face specialists evidence of

A

perceptal narrowing

69
Q

is the other race effect innate and why or why not

A

not innate but rather due to exporsure effect

during few months of life, 96% of faces that babies are exposed to are to females of their own race

70
Q

trtue or false: even if iinfant is equally exposed to faces of different races, they will still show other race efefect

A

false, they will not show ORE

71
Q

is facial perceptin in ASD kids tthe same as normal ?

A

no , ASD have difficulty with face perception (rathre not look at eyes) -

72
Q

true or false: toddlers with ASD preefere to look at people over shapese

A

false, othere way around (

73
Q

if infants have prefererence for non faces, what could this be an indidcator of

A

ASD

74
Q

true or false: from birth, infatnts have a preference. for faces, especially their mothers

A

true

75
Q

is face preference innate

A

no it is not innate but rather a result of general preference for top heavy stimuli

76
Q

true or false: at 8 months, infants become face speecialists as a result of the other race effect

A

falsee, 9 months and perceptual narrowing

psych 304 (10 decks)

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