lecture 7: emotional development Flashcards
what are emotions (defintion)
combo of physiological and cognitive responses to thoughts or experience
what are emotions and how it manifests (factors etc)
nural response
physiologic factors
subjective feelings
emotional expression
urge to take action
explain the scared emotion in home alone and how they are physiologic
heart racing
nausea
explain how being scared emotions in home alone are a subjective feeling
recognition of dagner
feeling of fear
explain the emotional expression of being scared in home alone
eyes wide
eyebrows raised
mouth pulled back
explain the urge for action in home alone when kid is scared
lock the door
run away
defend home
explain the neurological expression of fear
amygdala activation
release of cortisol and adrenaline
what is the discrete emotions theory
neurological and biological symtems have evolved to allow humans to experience and express a set of basic emotions
=emotions are innate
basic emotions are important for survival and communication
emotional responses are largely automatic
true or false: in the discrete emotions theory, emotions are innate
true
what are 6 basic emotions
happiness
fear
anger
sadness
digust
surprise
true or false: rage is a basic emotion
false, anger is
according to the discrete emotion theory, basic emotions are important for what
survival and communication
according to the discrete emotions theory, are emotional responses controlled or automatic
largely automatic
what is the evidence for discrete emotions thero y
basic emotions are universal across cultures
basic emotions are present form infance
true or false: the other emotions beyond the basic ones are culturally universal
false, other emotions develop layer and are not culturally universal
the other emotions beyong the basic ones are a variation of what
other emotions are varitation in intensity of basic emotions
explain how other emotions are varitation in intensity of basic emotions
higher level anger=rage
low level anger=annoyance
other emotions beyond the basic ones are 2 things, what are they
variation in intensity of basic emotions
combination of basic emotions
explain how emotions can be a combination of basic emotions
anger and sadness = betrayal/dissapointment
how do you know what a baby is feeling (for testing)
systems of coding facial cues have been developped to make interpretations of infants emotions more objetcive
=link particular facial expressions and facial muscles movements with particular emotions
explain how hapiness is expressed in infance
smilin
raised cheeks
eyes squinting
explain how fear is expressed in infancy
eyes wide open
brows raised in the middle making a triangle shape
corners of mouth pulled back into grimmace
explain how anger is expressed in infacy
strongly furrowed brow that comes down to the center
open square-shaped mouth, sometimes baring teeth
flared nostrils
smilin
raised cheeks
eyes squinting
are signs of what emotion in infancy
hapiness
eyes wide open
brows raised in the middle making a triangle shape
corners of mouth pulled back into grimmace
are signs of what emotion in infancy
fear
strongly furrowed brow that comes down to the center
open square-shaped mouth, sometimes baring teeth
flared nostrils
are signs of what emotion in infacy
anger
explain how sadness is expressed in infancy
downturned corners of the mouth, lips pushed togetber and possibly trembling
slightly furrowed brow
explain how surprise is expressed in infancy
eyes wide open
eyebows raised into arches
mouth open in a round O shape
explain how disgust is expressed in infancy
nose crinkled and nostrils flared
mouth open wide with lips pulled back
downturned corners of the mouth, lips pushed togetber and possibly trembling
slightly furrowed brow
is evidence of what emotion in infancy
sadness
eyes wide open
eyebows raised into arches
mouth open in a round O shape
are evidence of what emotion in infancy
surprise
nose crinkled and nostrils flared
mouth open wide with lips pulled back
is evidence of what emotion in infancy
disgust
from birth, infants experience 2 general emotional states, what are they
positive: indicated by approach behavior
negative/distress, indicated by withdrawl behavior
from birth, infants experience how many general emotional states
2
how is the positive emotional state indicated in infancy
indicated by approach behabior
how is negative emotional state/ distress indicated in infancy
withdrawal behabior
true or false: basic emotions emerge in a predicle sequence over the first year of life
true
expkain how hapiness is adaptive
adaptive because motivates us to approach situations that are likely to increase chances of survival
helps bond with parents
how is hapiness expressed from birth
smiles are reflexive and evoked by biological state
(ex: been satiated or during sleep)
explain how hapiness is expressed at 2-3 months
social smile emerges
(usually in itneractions with parents
promote care from caregviers and fosters bonding)
what age does the social smile emerge
2-3 months
at 2,3 months, the social smile emerges usually in interactions with who
parents
explain how hapiness is expressed at 5 months
infants first laugh
when do infants first laugh
5 months
true or false: what makes a child smile and laugh is predetermined
false, it changes with cognitive developement
explain how what makes children smile and laiugh changes with cognitvie developmetn
at 5 months old, laugh at bodiliy noses but 4 year olds laugh at jokes
explain how anger is adaptive
because helps us defend outselves against threats to overcome obstacles to our goals
at what age do infants begin to express anger
4 months
how is anger expressed at 4 months
infants begin to express anger
true or false, at 4 months infants start to experss anger and the level remains the same,
false, steadily increases in internsity over next year
explain how anger is expressed at 24 months
peak in tendency to react with anger
tantrums in terrible twos
frequence of anger declines
at what age is there a peak in tendency to react with anger
24 months
explain whjy the frequency of anger declines after 24 months
due to greater ability to express self with language and emotion regulation skills
as children get older, what are they better able to do with their anger
are better able to match anger to situation
explain how as children get older they are better able to match anger to situation
angrier is hurtful action was intentional vs unintentional
explain how fear is adaptive
expressions of fear are adaptive because elicit protection from danger from caregivers
are what age do children begin to express fear
7 months
how is fear expressed at 7 months
infants begin to express fear
at wht age does the fear of strangers and seperation anxiety emergy
8 months
how is fear expressed at 8 months
fear of strangers and sepeation anxiety emerges
when does sepetation anxiety decline in infancy
around 15 months of age
true or false: what scares children changes with cognitvie devlipmenent and explain
true
3-5 year old: fear imaginary creatures
5-6: fear animals and the dark
7 plus: fears related to everyday sitatuons (tests, pleasing parents)
what do children fear at 3-5 years old
imaginary creatures
what do children fear at 5-6 years old,
animals and the dark
what do children fwar at 7 plus
fears related to everyday situations (test, pleasing parents)
explain how surprise is adaptvie
because indicates that the world is working contrary to expectations and is thus important for learning
what age do babies begin to express surprise
6 months
which emotion does this match with: because indicates that the world is working contrary to expectations and is thus important for learning
surprise
which emotion does this match with :
expressions of fear are adaptive because elicit protection from danger from caregivers
fear
which emotions does this match with :
because helps us defend outselves against threats to overcome obstacles to our goals
anger
which emotion does this match with : adaptive because motivates us to approach situations that are likely to increase chances of survival
helps bond with parents
hapiness
explain how sadness is adaptive
because ellicits care and comfort from caregiver in reaction to a loss
which emotion does this math with :
because ellicits care and comfort from caregiver in reaction to a loss
sandess
sadnes is often elicited in similar situations to what other basic emotion
anger
when does sadness emergy
1st year
sadness emerges when what phenomenon is acquired
once object permance has been acquired
explain how sadness emerges once object permance has been acquired
beacuse need the concept that thing they loss still needs to exist for it to be considered a loss
in the 1st year, sandess usually emerges in reaction to what
being sepreated from parents
true or fals: crying is not indicative of sadness in babies
true it just means distress
sadness is a marker of what
loss
explain how disgust is adaptive
because helps us avoid potential poisions or bacteria
which emotion does this match with:
because helps us avoid potential poisions or bacteria
disgust
when disgust emerge
in the 1st years
children learn what to react to with disgust based on what
parents reactions
first expressions of disgust in children are often directed towards what
food
what are
what are self concious emotions
emotions that emerge once
1) a child has a self seperate from other people (emerges at 18months)
2) an appreciation of what adults expect of them
at what age does a child have a sense of self seperate from other people
18 months
what are some self councious emotions
guilt, shame, embarassement, pride, empathy
at what age do self councious emotions usually emerge
around 2 years old
what influecnes the frequency and type of self concious emotions that are most likely to be experienced
culture
cuulture influences self councious emotions how
influences the frequency and type of self concious emotions that are most likely to be experienced
how do individualistic cultures are most likely to experience what self concnous emotion
more likely to experience pride
how do collectivistic cultures are most likely to experience what self concnous emotion
more likely to experience guilt and shame
explain why individualistic cultures are most likely to experience [pride
because they focus on being unique and promiting self accomplishments
explain why collectivistic cultures are most likely to experience guit and shame
because those cultures are about group harmoney and abinding by social nor,s
true or false: guilt and shame are often elleicited by similar situations
true
true or false: guilt and shame are essentially the same emotion
false, they are elicited by similar situations but are dsitinc emotional reactions
true or false: guilt and shame are essentially the same emotion
false, they are elicited by similar situations but are dsitinc emotional reactionsd
define guilt
feelings of regret about ones behavior associated with desire to fix the consequences of that behavior
define shame
self focused feeling of personal failure associated with desire to hide
generally guilt is healthier than shame or vice versa
guilt is healther
at what are can guilt and shame be distinguished
2 years of age
when 2 year olds play with a doll that has been rigged so that one lef falls off during play, they show diff reactions
a child exhibiting shame will do what
didny try to fix the doll, avoided the adult and delayed telling them about the ‘accident’
when 2 year olds play with a doll that has been rigged so that one lef falls off during play, they show diff reactions
a child exhibiting GUILT will do what
trying to fix the doll and quickly told the adult about the ‘accident’
what influences whether a child will feel guilt or shame
parental reatcions to childrens actions influence which emotion a child experiences
a child is more likely to feel guilt if a parent emphasized what
the :badness of the ACTION”
a child is more likely to feel shame if a parent emphasized what
the badness of the CHILD
if a parent emphasizes the badness of a child, the child is more likely to feel what emotion
shame
if a parent emphasizes the badness of an action, the child is more likely to feel what emotion
guilt
if a parent emphasizes the badness of a child, what will they say
youre a bad boy
if a parent emphasizes the badness of an action, what will they say
you did a bad thing
basic emotions are biologically based or situational based
biologicallt based
how many universal emotions basic
6 (hapiness, fear, anger, sadness, surpise and digust)
true or false: emotions develop in a predictable sequence
true
all basic emotions are presented by the end of what year
first years
self concnious emotions develop around 2 yeras old once an infant has a sense of what
self
identifying emotions in adults faces comes before or after identifying own emotions
before
true or false: there is rudimentary recgonition of others emotions emerges later in life
false, very early in life
what age can a child distinguish facial expressions of happiness, surprise and ager
3 months old
true or false, at 4 months old a child distinguish facial expressions of happiness, surprise and ager
false, 3
true or false, at 3 months old a child distinguish facial expressions of happiness, surprise and disgust
false, anger
explain how they showed that children at 3 months can distinguish between facial expressions of happiness, surprise and anger
they are habituated to happy faces and then dishabituate when presented with a picture of a surprised face
at age age can a child distinguish expressions of fear and sadness
7 months old
what is social referencing
use of parents facial expression and tone of voice to decide how to deal with novel/ambiguous
being attuned to parents emotions enables what in children
social referencing
explain social refecering and visual cliff (general)
if mom is happy, baby is more likely to cross over a visual cliff
look to mom using her facial expression to see if its safe
if parents looked scared, how many babies crossed the visual cliff
0%
if parents looked HAPPY, how many babies crossed the visual cliff
75%
if parents looked angry, how many babies crossed the visual cliff
6%
if parents looked sad, how many babies crossed the visual cliff
33%
what does the social referencing and the visual cliff demonstrate (2)
1) children rely on parents reaction to figure out how to react to a situation themselves (social referencing)
2) children can tell disgintusish between emotional expressions
at what age is there a rudimentary ability to identify and label expressions of basic emotions in others
3 years old
at what age to children begin to understand that a persons facial expressions do not necessarily match what they’re really feeling
4-6 years
at 4-6 years old, children begin to understand that a persons facial expressions don’t necessary match what
what theyre feeling
what study did they do to show if a child can understand real vs fake emotions and what were rsults
children hear a story about a child forgetting her fave toy for a sleepover but that she doesn’t want to show how she feels
asked “how does the child feel” and “what will be the expression on her face”
5 year olds know that the child will be sad but will be showing happiness on her face
3 year okds think that the child will be showing sadness
improvement in understanding false emotions is due to what
greater understanding of display rules
what are display rules and what are they good for
social norms about when, where and how much one should show emotions and which emotions are appro[irate in a given context
good for understanding false emotions and crucial for successful social interactions
true or false: once children understand that emotions can be faked, they can fake emotions themselves
true
what was the study they did to show that once children understand that emotions can be faked they can fake it themselves
4,6 and 8 years olds shown 3 boxes
1) attractive toy
2) unattractive toy
3) no gift
instructured to trick the experiemnter into thinking that a box without an attractive toy actually has an attractive toy
what were the rsults of the faking emotions study
4 year old had a hard time faking emotions (showed more disappointment)
ability to fake emotions increased with age (8 year olds better than 6 year olds)
what didf the faking emotions study show
that children experience a rapid increase in understanding and implementing display rules in middle childhood
what are the 2 main reasons why faking emotions improves
cognitive development and greater understnaind of cultural norms
true or false; different cultures have different display reules and explain
true
individualistic cultures are more generally more emotionally expressive than collectivist cultures
true or false: there is no different norms in social displays for boys and girls and exmaplain
false, there are different norms
anger is more acceptable for boys to show than girls
what is emotion regulation
set of concious and unconcious processes used to manage emotional experiences and expressions
true or false: emotion regulation develops fast
false, gradually during childhood
what is coregulation
parents regulate infants distress through soothing or distraction
why is coregulation necessart
because infants cannot regulate their own emotions
at what age do infants show rudimentary emotion regulation skills
5 months old
what do 5 months old do that show they have a rudimentary emotional regulation skills
self comforting behaviors
self-distraction
what is self comforting behaviros
repetivie actions that create a mildly positive sensative
what is self distraction
looking away from upsetting stimulus
over the course of the first few years of life, children rely more on self comforting behaviors or self distraction to regulate their emotions
self distraction
ex: in preschool, children rely on play as a distraction
besides self comforting and self distraction, older children also rely on what for emotion regulation
cognitive strategies and problem solving
what are the 3 reasons emotions regulation improves
1) motor dev
2) cognitive dev
3) increased parental expectation that child should be able to manage their emotional arousal
=children internalise this expectation and comply
explain hoe motor dev affects emotional regulation
greater ability to cotnrol bodily movements enables self-soothing and distraction in infancy
explain how cognitive dev affects emotional regulation
maturation of frontal lobes allows for greater ability to manage attention and inhibit behavior
children that have good emotion regulation skills have what 3 things
1) have higher well-being
2) are more socially skilled and are linked better by their peers and teacher (poor regulation put kids at risk for bullying(
3) do better in school
true or false: children that have good enotion regulation skills do bette in school
true
rudimentary emotional recognition begins in..
early infancy
emotional recognition enables what
social referencing
age 3, children being to labvel emotions in themselves or others
otehrs
ages 4-6, children child to understand what about emotional expressions
dont necesarily match how someone actually feels
children’s ability to regulate emotions improves over the course of childhood and initially they rely on BLANK but then rely on BLANK
initually rely on coregulation but begining at 5 months are able to engate in some self regulation
improvements in self regulation are due to what 3 basic reasons
motor dev
cognitive deev
chagnes in parental expressions
emotion regulation skills have massive consequences for childrens what 3 areas
pyschological
social
academic well being
true or false: friends play a huge role in children emotional dev
false, family does, especially paresnts
parents expression of emotions has a direct or indirect effect on emotional dev
indirect
parents reactions to children emotions have a direct or indirect effect on emotional dev
direct
parents emotional expression serve as what
a model of wehn and how to express emotions
children who grow up with paresnts that tend to not show emotions tend to : (3)
1) not express emotions themsekves (learn to see emotions as bad)
2) have trouble identifying and understanding emotions in self and others
3) struggle with regulating intense emotions
children that grow up with parents taht express a high level of positive emotions tend to (3)
express more positive emotions themselves
2) be well adjusted
3) be socially skilled
children that grow up with parents that express a high level of negative emotions tend to (3)
1) experience and express more negative emotions themselves
2) be less socially competent (hostile attitubution bias if growin gup with angry parents)
3) have poorer emotion regulation skills
parents reaction to their children emotions directly influence what
children emotional development
what is mirroring
behaviours in which a parent reflects the emotions of their children back to them (conveyed to verbal and non verbal clues)
contigent responding to infant (quick responsiveness to infants behavior) is also known as what
mirroring
what is mirroring chracterized by
warmth
give examples of mirroring
1) a baby looks upset and the parent also furrows their eyebrows and frowns
2) a child begins pouting over change in fam plans. fam wont be going to the park anymore. The parent says “you look sad. isee that you have tears in your eyes and your face is turning red. youre hunched over and staring at the ground”
3) a child feels very anxious about an upcoming test. the parent says “you seem worried and upset about the test. i sometimes feel the same way when i. have a big thing to do at work”
what is mirroing important (2)
1) validates and normilzes the childs emotion
2) helpd child identify and undertand their emotions
what is the still face paradigm
lab procedure in which a paernt goes through a repetitive sequeen with their child in which they:
2 min of play with infant
2 min still face (no reaction to infant)
what is the reaction of babies in the still face paradign
infants quickly become distressed in reaction to the still-faec and this distress increases with each still face episode
(infants are attuned to parents emotions
distressed by parents doesnt react as expected (often engage in self distraction)
what is emotional coaching
the use of discussion and other forms of isntructtion to teach children how to cope with, regulation and appropriately express emotions
what is seen as “appropriate” in emotions depends on culture, true or false
true
what are some explains of emotional coaching
1) you seem worried and upset about the test. lets walk through a real simple step that can get us going in the right direction
2) ik you are frustrated that ur sis took your toy but its not okay to pull her hair. That hurt her. when youre frustrated, its a good idea to take some time to cool down first before telling ur sister why youre frustrated lets take slow breaths together.
supportive/sensitve reaction is characterized by what
mirroring and emotional coaching
sypport/senstive reaction is an indeal way to reacti to childrens emotions why
validates the child emotion
helps child understand their emotions
fosters emotional regulation
accoaited with self resteem higher
fosters social competence
aossicaed with better persomance in school
supportive/sensitive reactions involves what two aspects
mirroring and emotional coaching
critical reactions involved what acpect
no mirroring or no emotional coaching
dismissive reactives invovles wat 1.2 asoerc
coaching by no mirroring
over validating reacions are involved i nwhat
mirror but no coaching
mirroing and enotional coaching is undersand what type of catheogires
supportive/senotive
no mirroring and no emotional coaching is under what parent preaction
critical
coaching but no mirroring is under what parent reaction
dismissive
mirroring but no coaching is unders what reaction
over validating
what would a support parent raction look like for a child feeling axnious about the test
you seem worried i feel like that with a big thing at work. Lets walk thrgou ha real simple step that can get us going in the right directon
what would a critical parent reaction look like for a child anxious about test
in angry tone, ‘wahats wrong with you, you alsoways get like this before a test and then you get a bad grade
what would a dismissive parent reaction look like for a child anxious about a test
youre fine, theres no need to be nervous, youll just study and itll be okay
what would a overvalidating parent reaction look like for a child anxious about a test
omg the test is nect week you nust be nervous i would be so nerves you ave so much materail to study where do we even begin?
what are the 3 implications of lack of effective emotional reaction
parents who dismiss or cirticize communicate to the child that their feelings are not valid
parents who over validate their childrens reaction communicate to their children that emotions are over whelming and cant be managed
children who grew up with parents that habitually dismiss, criticize or over validate are likely to be less socially competent and less emotionally competent
parents who dismiss or cirticize communicate to the child what
that their feelings are not valid
parents who over validate their childrens reaction communicate to their children what
that emotions are over whelming and cant be managed
children who grew up with parents that habitually dismiss, criticize or over validate are likely to be less BLANK
LESS socially competent and less emotionally competent
what are te 4 main reasons parents reaction the way they do in relation to emotions
1) cultural differences
2) generational differences in norms for emotional expression
3) familt reactions to emotions when parents themsevles were children
4) parents mood and emotions in the moment
explain how cultural differences explain why parents react in a certain way to emotions
emotional expression is more encouraged in independant vs interdependant cultures
reactions to specifc emotions differ by culture (ex: reactions to shame in independant culture vs colelctivistic culture)
extent to which parental reactions match cultural norms matter
emotional expression is more encouraged in what types of culture
more encouraged in independant vs interdependant culture
give an exmaple of reactions to specific emotions differ by culture
reactions to shame in independant vs collectivistic cultures
give an example taht shows the extent to which parent reactions match cultural norms matter
dismissive parenting is not associated with poorer social comptetence in places where controlling emotional expression, rather than being expressive is valued.
explain how family raections to emotions when parents themselves were children influence the way they react
becuse intergenerational transmission of emotional reactions and regualation
explain how parents mood and emotions in the moment effect the way a child reactis
harder to be supportive if parent is having a bad day
parents influence their childrens emotional development indirectly though what
their own emotional expression
parents influence their childrens emotional development directly though what
use of mirroing and emotional coaching
infants become very distressed or not distressed when parents do not react to them in still face paradigm
very distressed
true or false: how a parent reacts to child emotion has important consequences for their pyschological social and academic wellbeing
true
