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Biological Psychology > Lecture 9: Emotions > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Emotions Flashcards

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1
Q

emotions

A

complex experiences involving cognition, affect, and physiology. the cognitive component of the emotion identifies the stimulus. the affective component of emotion produces feelings, and the physiological response is the activation of the sympathetic nervous system

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2
Q

moods

A

lasts longer than emotions

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3
Q

affect predisposition

A

the tendency to react in a certain way to certain situations

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4
Q

interpersonal stances

A

include how one stands towards others

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5
Q

aesthetic emotions

A

emotions evoked by music or art

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6
Q

utilitarian emotions

A

real everyday emotions

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7
Q

freeze

A

also called attentive immobility in which an orientation reaction is shown and the animal/person stops what it is doing and searches the environment for the source of the threat

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8
Q

flight

A

if possible, the animal will flee to avoid conflict, but if not possible one must go to the next option

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9
Q

fight

A

sympathetic activation mobilized resources ready for battle when flight is not possible. however, there are circumstances when fighting fails and the next option is required

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10
Q

playing dead

A

like freezing, startle is also called tonic immobility. it is different from freezing because it does not involve gathering information about the threat

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11
Q

surrender

A

this occurs after the startle and initiates a ‘shut down’ of activity via parasympathetic activation. this is seen as surrender. there will be a drop in blood pressure and heart rate

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12
Q

fainting

A

this is a loss of consciousness mediated by aversion. it has been argued that disgust evolved as an emotion because it had a protective function against threats of infectious disease. fainting therefore protects the organism in advance from potentially infectious or harmful stimuli

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13
Q

behavioral immunity

A

means that certain behaviors help us avoid being exposed to life threatening micro-organisms

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14
Q

charles darwin

A

emotions are innate, adaptive and universal

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15
Q

paul ekman

A

identified universal facial expressions

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16
Q

william james (james-lange theory)

A

claimed that one experiences physiological changes first and only then emotions, so physiological responses determine the experienced emotions

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17
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

claims that physiological and emotional responses happen at the same time and independently

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18
Q

schacther-singer theory

A

states that emotions happen when you have a physiological reaction and then interpret it or label it cognitively

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19
Q

arnold-lazarus theory

A

states that our perceptions of emotions are entirely based on our appraisal or evaluation of a situation

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20
Q

james averill

A

counter part of darwin: he states that emotions are social constructs. according to him every culture has its own specific emotions

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21
Q

ledoux and damasio

A

made the connection between brain and emotions

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22
Q

three components of emotional responses

A
  • subjective
  • behavior
  • physiological
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23
Q

primary emotions in humans (paul ekman)

A

surprise , fear, anger, disgust, joy, sadness. additional emotions may include contempt and shame

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24
Q

plutschik

A

states that there are eight basic emotions that represent opposite dimensions. all the different shades of emotions come form combination of these dimensional emotions

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25
Q

russel

A

circumplex model of affect viewed emotion on dimensions of pleasant/unpleasant and excited/not excited

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26
Q

deep facial muscles

A

attach to the bone and allow for large movements, such as chewing

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27
Q

superficial facial muscles

A

attach only to the skin and provide much of the subtlety in emotional expression and when they contract, they change the shape of the mouth, nose and so on

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28
Q

orbicularis oculi and zygomaticus muscles

A

activated to produce a smile

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29
Q

wave muscles

A

activated during the frown of anger

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30
Q

levator labii superior

A

produces the face of disgust

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31
Q

the two cranial nerves

A

control the muscles of the face: the facial nerve and trigeminal nerve. the facial nerve control the superficial levels while the trigeminal nerve control the deep facial muscles

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32
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

states that feedback of facial expression plays a causal role in emotional experience

33
Q

alcoholics

A

social processing, particularly emotional processing is impaired. social cognition is compromised as a result of brain damage caused by alcohol abuse, particularly in the right hemisphere and frontal lobes

34
Q

right hemisphere

A

plays an important role in social processing tasks, and therefore it is believed that damage to this area is one reason why alcoholics may suffer from poor social skills

35
Q

visuospatial deficits

A

misidentification of emotions may occur due to poor cognitive processing causing slow recognition and misidentification of facial expressions

36
Q

abnormal processing of social information

A

detected by slow reaction times and high error rates in emotional processing tasks and a lack of inhibitory control. because frontal lobe function is impaired by substance abuse, the ability to mediate amygdala activity is minimal and may be related to a tendency to exaggerate emotions

37
Q

interpersonal feelings and stress

A

linked to abnormal processing. for a variety of reasons, one’s own stress may not be handled well and may be exacerbated by subcortical damage, which may explain an exaggerated or blunted response to emotional stimuli

38
Q

walter cannon criticized the james-lange theory for several reasons:

A
  • total separation of the viscera from the central nervous system does not affect emotional behavior observed in experimental animals
  • the same visceral changes occur in very different emotional states and also non-emotional states, such as fever
  • the intensities are somewhat insensitive structures
  • visceral changes are too slow to be a source of emotional feeling
  • artificial induction of the visceral changes characteristics of strong emotions does not actually produce an emotional experience
39
Q

kreibig

A

found support for the physiological specificity of emotion. the negative emotions were: anger, worry, disgust, fear and sadness. the positive emotions are: affection, amusement, satisfaction, happiness, joy, pleasure, pride, and relief. the emotions with no clear value were surprise and uncertainty

40
Q

schachter’s cognitive characteristic theory of emotion

A

the emotion experienced is a product of the interpretation of the environment

41
Q

cognitive labeling theory

A

there is a cognitive attribution of emotion, where context is critical and physiological arousal increases the intensity of the experienced emotion

42
Q

short route to processing emotional information

A

information is sent to the thalamus and then to the amygdala. this is fast but sloppy

43
Q

long route to processing emotional information

A

send information to the thalamus, then to part of the cortex, and then to the amygdala. this route is slower but more specific. only after this information processing does the reaction takes place

44
Q

roll’s model

A

based on reinforcement and punishment. the horizontal and vertical dimension consist of a positive and negative side. emotions are placed on these dimension depending on whether they are positive or negative and whether something is lost or gained

45
Q

constructivist approach

A

emotions such as anger do not refer to a specific state, but to a group of variable instances, which depends on the specific environments, contexts, and past experiences

46
Q

lisa barret

A

claims that the brain uses concepts and prediction to interpret bodily sensations, leading to experiencing emotions. she also claimed that actors mimic basic emotions during ekman’s research and that these emotions are not as evident in everyday life

47
Q

love

A

love is a strong tendency for a specific person, which is not replaceable. love is not an emotion, but a motivational state. love has a several aspect, namely emotional, physical, behavioral, and cognitive

48
Q

thalamus

A

a site of sensory integration in which emotional stimuli are processed. the thalamus plays a role in the circuity of emotion, but that can only be because it is involved in sensory perception of the world in general and is not specific to emotionally evoked stimuli

49
Q

papez circuit

A

the original proposal by papez was a neural circuit for expressing emotions. thalamus received input and projects it to the sensory cortex, which further processes the emotionally valuable stimulus and then communicates with the cingulate cortex. at the same time the thalamus communicates with the hypothalamus, which concretizes the necessary mechanisms for the body’s response, but also projects to the anterior thalamus and then to the cingulate cortex

50
Q

cingulate cortex

A

delivers output to the hippocampus and through the fornix back to the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

51
Q

lesions in the amygdala

A

may be responsible for the reduction in fear response seen in Kluver-Bucy syndrome

52
Q

amygdala

A

it is not a single set of nuclei, but rather a complex of different regions, and these different regions have different neuroanatomical connections. patients with lesions to the amygdala have difficulity recognizing the emotional content of complex social scenes when there is only facial expression

53
Q

basolateral nuclei

A

receives input from the cortex, thalamus and hippocampus

54
Q

conditioned emotional response (CER)

A

fear responses can be learned (CER). lesions of the central amygdala prevent a CER from developing, while lesions at the cortical processing have no effect

55
Q

hippocampus

A

ledoux reported the hippocampus as an area responsible for contextual fear conditioning. lesions at the hippocampus prevent contextual fear conditioning. if lesions are performed after conditioning, only the fear response to the context is blocked. the hippocampus provides memory for past event and experiences

56
Q

fear conditioning

A

represents the process carried out by neural mechanisms in response to a conditioned stimulus. fear conditioning does not denote the conscious feeling of fear: it only describes the neural correlated of a learning process

57
Q

survival circuits

A

can be innate or learned. are evolutionary and include defense circuits, reproduction circuits, and feeding circuits. according to ledoux survival circuit has an indirect influence on emotions

58
Q

defensive organism state

A

activated by the activity of survival circuits that detect threats

59
Q

ledoux

A

argued that feelings occur in humans when consciousness (1) detects the survival circuits are active or witnesses the existence of an overall organism state, initiated by the activation of a survival circuit in the presence of a particular type of challenge or opportunity and assesses and (2) labels this state.

60
Q

conceptual action model

A

this model views emotion as a psychological phenomenon that requires socially shared conceptual knowledge to make meaning of physiological changes

61
Q

three general hypothesis with the conceptual action model

A

1- emotions are mental events that are constructed almost instantaneously form psychological processes that produce variations in ‘core effect’. the core effect is the feelings of positive or negative affective states. the core effect is therefore the mental representation of bodily sensations, which inform the organism that something in the environment is important
2- primitive psychological processes are not specific to emotions, but rather general processes for mental life. the combination of psychological primitive processes creates a variety of mental states called emotions
3- non-emotional factors, such as concepts and language, play an important role in determining emotions

62
Q

rolls

A

he sees emotions as a product of reward and punishment. in the reinforcing model of emotion, positive emotions are associated with reward and negative emotions are associated with punishment

63
Q

rolls elaborations on the theory

A
  • reinforcing stimuli relevant to a particular motivational state are not classified as emotional stimuli
  • emotional states can be produced by remembered reinforcing stimuli
  • the stimulus, which produces the emtional state, must have reinforcing properties only; that is, it can be a reward or a punishment. it is the association that is important
  • cognitive processes are required to determine whether the stimulus is a reward or punishment
  • the primary reinforcers such as pain do not produce emotion, but the secondary reinforcers produce emotion
  • emotional states have many functions and only some of those functions are associated with emotional feelings
  • learning is critical because it is the association of a stimulus with the reinforcements that occurs when an emotional response is learned
  • understanding the nature of emotions required understanding the function of emotions
64
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

allows flexibility of emotional behavior and is sensitive to change. the orbitofrontal cortex considers a representation of the different reinforcement values or stimuli

65
Q

selection

A

making music can be seen as relational behavior

66
Q

huron

A

suggests that there are eight theories of why we have adapted to emotional responses to music

67
Q

social cohesion

A

music can bring groups of individuals together as a collective against rival groups

68
Q

group effort

A

music can facilitate the coordination of group work

69
Q

perceptual development

A

music can be seen as hearing exercise, which is beneficial for language

70
Q

motor skill development

A

fine motor skills from playing instruments and singing can be practiced for coordinated motor actions such as speech

71
Q

conflict reduction

A

music can reduce interpersonal conflict

72
Q

spending time safely

A

as people become efficient hunters, they also become rich with time. music provides a harmless activity for the quiet moments between hunts

73
Q

transgenerational communication

A

music offers a communication channel through which information can be passed on to successive generations

74
Q

antonio damasio

A

made a distinction between emotions and feeling of emotion. he argued that the feeling of emotion or ‘feelings’ is a term that should only be used fro the subjective mental experience of emotion, whereas the term emotion should refer to all processes related to emotion.

75
Q

somatic marker hypothesis of emotion

A

the change in the body leads to changing feelings that determine the course to take. emotional decision-making is this influenced by peripheral feedback from the body

76
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

research suggests that the function of the prefrontal cortex inhibits the response of the amygdala. the frontal lobes suppress actions when necessary

77
Q

unpleasant music

A

increased activation in the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and temporal lobes; all areas associated with negative emotions

78
Q

pleasant music

A

activates inferior frontal gyrus, anterior superious insula, ventral striatum, Herschel’s gyrus, and rolandic operculum

79
Q

neurochemical activity in response to music

A
  • increased oxytocin when singing
  • increases immunoglobulin A
  • reduced beta-endorphins
  • decreases or increased cortisol depending on the style of music
  • music activates the release of dopamine in the dorsal and ventral striatum

Biological Psychology (12 decks)

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