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Biological Psychology > Lecture 11: Stress & Cardiovascular Diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Stress & Cardiovascular Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

chronic risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

age, cigarette smoking, diabetes

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2
Q

acute risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

hemodynamic and vasoconstrictive factors

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3
Q

Mittleman et al. (1995)

A

examined how anger can be a stimulus for acute myocardial infarction
- found that when people experienced anger two hours before the heart attack, the risk of the actual heart attack was twice as high
- appears stress is involved in a heart attack

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4
Q

cardiovascular system

A

consists of the heart and blood vessels

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5
Q

the heart

A

a muscle that pumps five liters of blood through the body every minute
- left ventricle: pumps blood thoughout the body
- right ventricle: pumps blood throughout the lungs (does not have to work as hard)
- blood is pumped from the aorta through the body

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6
Q

blood vessels

A

ensure that all tissue can be supplied with oxygen and nutrients

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7
Q

veins

A

the blood vessels that carry the blood back to the heart

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8
Q

systemic circulation

A

the major system delivering oxygenated blood to tissues and organs
- blood circulation: from the left ventricle to the aorta, the arteries, then the tissues
- blood gets deoxygenated in the tissues, then flows through the veins to the right atrium

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9
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

the system responsible for oxygenating blood
- deoxygenated blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle of the heart into the pulmonary arteries, which then carry the deoxygenated blood into the lungs, releasing carbon dioxide and picking up oxygen
- the now oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium, and the systemic circulation starts again

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10
Q

coronary arteries

A

supply the heart muscle (myocardium) itself with oxygenated blood, enabling its proper contraction and function
- if the coronary arteries become narrowed, the heart does not receive enough blood, causing part of the heart muscle to die (heart attack)

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11
Q

pressure gradient

A

indicates the change in pressure in blood vessels
- 2 types of blood pressure can be distinguished

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12
Q

diastolic blood pressure/under pressure

A

when the heart relaxes

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13
Q

systolic blood pressure/overpressure

A

when the heart contracts

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14
Q

electrocardiogram

A

measures changes in the electrical charge of extracellular fluid due to electrical changes that occur in all cardiac muscle cells combined

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15
Q

coronary artery disease

A

the narrowing or blocking of coronary arteries which supply blood to the myocardium
- happens through the process of accumulating fatty acids like cholesterol and calcium on the inner walls of the arteries (atherosclerosis)
- leads to the formation of plaques that narrow and harden the arteries, restricting blood flow to the heart

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16
Q

coronary heart disease

A

damage to the heart muscle itself
- can be caused by not getting enough oxygen or nutrients due to reduced blood flow from the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis)
- might further present as angina (chest pain), myocardial infarction, or ischemia

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17
Q

heart failure

A

a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, thus lowering cardiac output

18
Q

heart valve disease

A

occurs when one or more of the heart’s valves don’t function properly

19
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)/stroke

A

temporary disruption of blood flow

20
Q

cardiac arrest

A

the heart suddenly stops beating due to ventricular fibrillation, which is an electrical malfunction that disrupts the heart’s normal rhythm

21
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

blockage of a blood vessel in the heart caused by narrowed arteries reducing blood flow to the heart

22
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

insufficient blood flow through the heart (often before a heart attack)
- caused by problems with the supply of blood and problems with drainage

23
Q

angioplasty

A

a treatment for diseases of the coronary arteries where the narrowing is stretched with some type of rubber balloon

24
Q

bypass surgery

A

a bypass is made along the narrowing, which is done using a vein from the patient’s own body

25
Q

thrombolysis

A

used after a cerebral infarction, where the clot blocking a blood vessel is dissolved by medicine administered intravenously (through IV)

26
Q

modifiable risk factors

A

smoking, obesity, and diabetes
- can be altered

27
Q

non-modifiable risk factors

A

age, gender, and genetic factors

28
Q

three types of psychosocial risk factors

A
  • chronic factors
  • acute factors
  • episodic factors
29
Q

chronic psychosocial risk factors

A

type D personality and low SES

30
Q

acute psychosocial risk factors

A

stress and anger, environmental factors (war, natural disasters, etc.)

31
Q

episodic psychosocial risk factors

A

depression, vital exhaustion, and burnout

32
Q

eustress

A

stress caused by positive emotions, such as being in love

33
Q

distress

A

stress caused by negative emotions, such as loss

34
Q

three components of the stress response

A
  • time: the greater the time pressure, the worse the stress reaction
  • individual differences: there is an optimal stress moment and this differs between people
  • controllability: when the stressor is controllable, it is less stressful
35
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

shows that there is a relationship between stress level (arousal level) and performance
- there appears to be an optimal stress level that gives maximum performance
- if there is no stress or too little stress the performance level will be low
- when stress or arousal is too high, the graph will ‘flip’ and performance will decrease

36
Q

ischemia

A

the insufficiency of blood flow through an organ
- usually caused by damage to the blood vessels

37
Q

fast, slow, and irregular heart rhythms

A
  • fast: tachycardia
  • slow: bradycardia
  • irregular: arrhythmia
38
Q

perfusion imaging techniques

A

used to assess how well the heart muscle is being supplied with blood
- e.g. radionuclide imaging

39
Q

takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC)

A

characterized by motion abnormalities of the left ventricular wall, usually without coronary artery disease
- usually affects postmenopausal women
- triggered by emotional or physical stress
- also known as apical ballooning syndrome (ABS)

40
Q

interheart study

A

examined psychosocial factors as risk indicators for nonfatal myocardial infarction
- concluded that the odds ratio was highest for persistent stress in the home situation and persistent general stress (home, work, or both)

Biological Psychology (12 decks)

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