Lecture 9 - Connective Tissue, Cartilage Structure And Composition Flashcards
What are the 5 major types of connective tissue?
Bone, tendon, cartilage, derma and fascia
What are two types of specialised connective tissue?
Umbilical cord and kidney Cortex
Derma = and fascia =
Skin and membrane in the muscle (it is a thin casing of connective tissues that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fibre and muscle in place
What do all connective tissues have in common?
Few cells, and lots of the Extracellular matrix (fibres and ground substance)
What are some types of fibres?
Collagen and elastin
How are fibres arranged?
They are arranged in parallel or crisscrossed meshwork
What does elastin do?
It makes the tissues stretchy
Is elastin a protein?
Yes
What is found in the extracellular matrix?
Collagen and proteoglycans
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline, fibrous and elastic
Where do you find hyaline cartilage?
In your joints (articulating surfaces) has a white/blue colour
Where do you find fibrous cartilage?
In nearly all fibres, it is used for if you damage cartilage in your knee for example the body will repair with fibrous cartilage.
What is a problem with fibrous cartilage?
It is not reversible compressible whereas hyaline is
What happens if you put pressure on fibrous cartilage?
It will stay compressed - find this in the annulus fibrous (an invertebral disc)
Where do you find elastic cartilage?
In your ear lobes and epiglottis, it makes tissues stretchy
What does hyaline cartilage form?
Forms the distal end of ribs
Where is hyaline cartilaginous plates found?
Nasal septum, larynx, trachea and bronchi
What are hyaline cartilage both?
They are both firm and flexible
What are hyaline cartilages flexible and resilience for?
For compressive forces which is helped by the proteoglycan content
What are hyaline cartilages rigid and have tensile strength for?
Collagen content
What is the bone underneath the cartilage called?
The subchondral bone
What is found in the capsule of a synovial joint?
Synovial fluid which helps lubricate the joint
What sits on top of the synovial capsule?
Skin but it is minimal and its called the perichondrium
Where do the nutrients come from in the synovial fluid?
The nutrients comes from the synovial fluid, subchrondral bone and perichondrium through diffusion from the blood
What does cartilage not have?
It does not have nerve or blood supply
Because cartilage doesn’t have any blood supply which means it gets its nutrients from diffusion - what does this mean?
Cartilage can be immune privileged, the chondrocyte nutrient supply is slow
What happens when accelerated diffusion stops in the joints?
Cartilage is destroyed and there is an increase in hydroxyproline circulating which is an important amino acid for the structure of collagen.
How is hyaline cartilage arranged?
It is arranged in a crisscross matrix
What is inside the ‘net’ of hyaline cartilage?
You find proteoglycans and they have a highly negative charge as they contain lots of sulphate and carboxylic acid groups therefore can hold a lot of water
Hyaline cartilage is highly …..
Hydrated
How does Hyaline cartilage prevent swelling pressure of the proteoglycans?
Collagen stops this from happening
What happens when you put force on hyaline cartilage?
Water will move out - this happen by point compression
What does cartilage do?
It protects the bone underneath
What is collagen made up of?
30% glycine, 30% proline and hydroxylysine
What is a little amino acid?
Glycine - collagen contains this it is helpful for collagen as the structure for collagen is twisted so need glycine to fill in
What is important for collagen?
The OH groups form hydrogen bonds they are important for the structure of collagen when tropocollagen forms together - becomes insoluble
What is tropocollagen?
It is a type II trans helix
What is a co-factor that helps proline?
Vitamin C
What is the structure if tropocollagen?
3 alpha chains wound together, glycine + two amino acids which are held together by Hydrogen bonds
What collagens form fibril forming collagens?
Collagens 1,2,3,5,11,24,27
What collagens are beaded filaments?
Collagen 6
What collagens are anchoring fibrils?
Collagen 7
What collagens are networks?
Collagens 4,8,10
What collagens are anchoring basement membrane collagens?
15 and 18
What collagens are collagens with transmembrane domains?
13,17 and 25
What is the main collage in cartilage?
Type II
