Lecture 9 - Connective Tissue, Cartilage Structure And Composition

Question 1

What are the 5 major types of connective tissue?

Answer 1

Bone, tendon, cartilage, derma and fascia

Question 2

What are two types of specialised connective tissue?

Answer 2

Umbilical cord and kidney Cortex

Question 3

Derma = and fascia =

Answer 3

Skin and membrane in the muscle (it is a thin casing of connective tissues that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fibre and muscle in place

Question 4

What do all connective tissues have in common?

Answer 4

Few cells, and lots of the Extracellular matrix (fibres and ground substance)

Question 5

What are some types of fibres?

Answer 5

Collagen and elastin

Question 6

How are fibres arranged?

Answer 6

They are arranged in parallel or crisscrossed meshwork

Question 7

What does elastin do?

Answer 7

It makes the tissues stretchy

Question 8

Is elastin a protein?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

What is found in the extracellular matrix?

Answer 9

Collagen and proteoglycans

Question 10

What are the types of cartilage?

Answer 10

Hyaline, fibrous and elastic

Question 11

Where do you find hyaline cartilage?

Answer 11

In your joints (articulating surfaces) has a white/blue colour

Question 12

Where do you find fibrous cartilage?

Answer 12

In nearly all fibres, it is used for if you damage cartilage in your knee for example the body will repair with fibrous cartilage.

Question 13

What is a problem with fibrous cartilage?

Answer 13

It is not reversible compressible whereas hyaline is

Question 14

What happens if you put pressure on fibrous cartilage?

Answer 14

It will stay compressed - find this in the annulus fibrous (an invertebral disc)

Question 15

Where do you find elastic cartilage?

Answer 15

In your ear lobes and epiglottis, it makes tissues stretchy

Question 16

What does hyaline cartilage form?

Answer 16

Forms the distal end of ribs

Question 17

Where is hyaline cartilaginous plates found?

Answer 17

Nasal septum, larynx, trachea and bronchi

Question 18

What are hyaline cartilage both?

Answer 18

They are both firm and flexible

Question 19

What are hyaline cartilages flexible and resilience for?

Answer 19

For compressive forces which is helped by the proteoglycan content

Question 20

What are hyaline cartilages rigid and have tensile strength for?

Answer 20

Collagen content

Question 21

What is the bone underneath the cartilage called?

Answer 21

The subchondral bone

Question 22

What is found in the capsule of a synovial joint?

Answer 22

Synovial fluid which helps lubricate the joint

Question 23

What sits on top of the synovial capsule?

Answer 23

Skin but it is minimal and its called the perichondrium

Question 24

Where do the nutrients come from in the synovial fluid?

Answer 24

The nutrients comes from the synovial fluid, subchrondral bone and perichondrium through diffusion from the blood

Question 25

What does cartilage not have?

Answer 25

It does not have nerve or blood supply

Question 26

Because cartilage doesn’t have any blood supply which means it gets its nutrients from diffusion - what does this mean?

Answer 26

Cartilage can be immune privileged, the chondrocyte nutrient supply is slow

Question 27

What happens when accelerated diffusion stops in the joints?

Answer 27

Cartilage is destroyed and there is an increase in hydroxyproline circulating which is an important amino acid for the structure of collagen.

Question 28

How is hyaline cartilage arranged?

Answer 28

It is arranged in a crisscross matrix

Question 29

What is inside the ‘net’ of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 29

You find proteoglycans and they have a highly negative charge as they contain lots of sulphate and carboxylic acid groups therefore can hold a lot of water

Question 30

Hyaline cartilage is highly …..

Answer 30

Hydrated

Question 31

How does Hyaline cartilage prevent swelling pressure of the proteoglycans?

Answer 31

Collagen stops this from happening

Question 32

What happens when you put force on hyaline cartilage?

Answer 32

Water will move out - this happen by point compression

Question 33

What does cartilage do?

Answer 33

It protects the bone underneath

Question 34

What is collagen made up of?

Answer 34

30% glycine, 30% proline and hydroxylysine

Question 35

What is a little amino acid?

Answer 35

Glycine - collagen contains this it is helpful for collagen as the structure for collagen is twisted so need glycine to fill in

Question 36

What is important for collagen?

Answer 36

The OH groups form hydrogen bonds they are important for the structure of collagen when tropocollagen forms together - becomes insoluble

Question 37

What is tropocollagen?

Answer 37

It is a type II trans helix

Question 38

What is a co-factor that helps proline?

Answer 38

Vitamin C

Question 39

What is the structure if tropocollagen?

Answer 39

3 alpha chains wound together, glycine + two amino acids which are held together by Hydrogen bonds

Question 40

What collagens form fibril forming collagens?

Answer 40

Collagens 1,2,3,5,11,24,27

Question 41

What collagens are beaded filaments?

Answer 41

Collagen 6

Question 42

What collagens are anchoring fibrils?

Answer 42

Collagen 7

Question 43

What collagens are networks?

Answer 43

Collagens 4,8,10

Question 44

What collagens are anchoring basement membrane collagens?

Answer 44

15 and 18

Question 45

What collagens are collagens with transmembrane domains?

Answer 45

13,17 and 25

Question 46

What is the main collage in cartilage?

Answer 46

Type II