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Molecular Physiology And Pathophysiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiac sphincter do?

A

Controls the movement of fluid

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2
Q

What is the pylorus?

A

A sphincter which is better than the cardiac sphincter and can empty out its material into the duodenum

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3
Q

Describe the muscular anatomy of the stomach

A

Muscle increases from the top to the bottom, there is more muscle in the antrum than in the fundus

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4
Q

What is the body of the stomach also called?

A

The corpus which is Latin for body

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5
Q

What are the layers of the stomach wall?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and the serosa

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6
Q

What produces mucus in the stomach?

A

Epithelial cells NOT goblet cells

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7
Q

When are goblet cells found in the stomach?

A

The only time goblet cells are found in the stomach is in a pre cancerous stage e.g. gastric metapalasia

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8
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

A type of connective tissue found under the thin layer of tissues covering a mucous membrane

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9
Q

What type of cells are found in the gastric glands?

A

Mucus secreting neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells and endocrine cells

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10
Q

Where do mucus cells migrate to?

A

They migrate to form the epithelium of the surface of the stomach and they secrete mucus

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11
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

They are indentations in the stomach which are entrances to the tubular shaped gastric glands

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12
Q

How often if the epithelium lining of the stomach replaced?

A

Every 72-96 hours

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13
Q

How long is the acid secreting cell life span?

A

150-200 days

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14
Q

What are known to survive longer than epithelial cells?

A

Glands

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15
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

They secrete an extrinsic factor (VITAMIN B12)

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16
Q

What do Enterochromafin secrete?

A

Serotonin

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17
Q

What do Enterochromafin like cell secrete?

A

Histamine

18
Q

What do D cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

19
Q

What do cells in the antrum secrete?

A

They don’t secrete acid but they do secrete pepsinogen and contain other endocrine cells called G cells which secrete gastrin

20
Q

What is the first line of defence in the stomach?

A

Mucus is the first line of defence against gastric juice - which is secreted by epithelial cells

21
Q

What cells line the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous cells

22
Q

Describe the gastric mucus layer

A

It is a bilateral which protects the stomach from gastric juices, consisting of 2 layers of

23
Q

What are the two layers in the gastric mucus bilayer?

A

A shear compliment layer and a shear resistance layer

24
Q

What happens to the shear compliant layer when force is applied?

A

It becomes a viscous liquid - lubricant

25
Q

What happens to the shear resistance layer when force is applied?

A

It remains intact

26
Q

How many microns thick is the resistant layer?

A

150 microns

27
Q

How thick is the compliant layer?

A

It has a variable thickness

28
Q

What maintains the mucus layer?

A

Secretion and degradation are important in maintaining the balance - a dynamic balance is important in maintaining the thickness of the mucus layer

29
Q

What is the composition of gastric juice?

A

Mucus, lipases, pepsins, intrinsic factor, water, ions and salivary amylase

30
Q

Where is acid produced in the stomach?

A

It is only produced in the fundus and corpus of the stomach so lipase is only activated here

31
Q

What is the optimal pH for lipase?

A

pH7

32
Q

What can be used to stimulate acid secretion?

A

Histamine and gastrin

33
Q

What pumps are used for acid secretion?

A

H+/K+, they are trafficked into the membrane during acid secretion and require ATP

34
Q

What is tubulocisternae?

A

When there is a stimulus for acid secretion, they move along to the membrane and secrete acid

35
Q

What are tubulocisternae supposed by?

A

An actin scaffold

36
Q

What happens to the actin scaffold when there is a stimulus to stop acid secretion?

A

The actin scaffold is dissolved

37
Q

What is a treatment for a gastric ulcer?

A

H2 antagonist - which are the receptors that have been stimulated to secrete acid

38
Q

What is another treatment for gastric ulcers?

A

Proton pump inhibitors e.g. omeprazole which inhibit the function of the proton pumps

39
Q

What happens in acid secretion?

A

Carbonic anhydride dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate. Bicarbonate is transferred out cross the basolateral enxyme.

40
Q

What is the proton pump used for in acid secretion?

A

Transferring K+ coming in and H+ coming out

41
Q

What is an active ingredient?

A

Sulfenimide - it has a spare SH group so it can form disuphide bridges with cystine

42
Q

What is bad about people who are taking proton pump inhibitors?

A

If you are told to stop taking them usu will have a huge acid secretion and that can cause damage so you have to keep taking the tablets

Molecular Physiology And Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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